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34-36 AP Psych

TermDefinition
cognition all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
concept a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
prototype a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin.
creativity the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas.
convergent thinking narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution.
divergent thinking expands the number of possible problem solutions (creative thinking that diverges in different directions).
algorithm a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier-but also more error prone-use of "heuristics"
heuristic a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error prone that "algorithms"
insight a sudden realization of a problem's solution; contrasts with strategy-based solutions.
confirmation bias a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
mental set a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.
intuition an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning. Uses insight most of the time.
representativeness heuristic judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information.
availability heuristic estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common.
overconfidence the tendency to be more confident than corrects- to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.
belief perseverance clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.
framing the way in issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.
language our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.
phoneme in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.
morpheme in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix)
grammar in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with an understand others.
babbling stage beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language.
one-word stage the stage in speech development, from about age 1 or 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words.
two-word stage beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in single words.
telegraphic speech early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram -"go car"- using mostly nouns and verbs.
aphasia impairment of language, usually caused by left-hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impaired speaking) or Wernicke's area (impairing understanding).
Broca's area controls language expression- an area of the frontal lobe, usually caused by left-hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.
Wernicke's area controls language reception- a brain area involved in a language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe.
linguistic determinism Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think.
expertise a well developed base of knowledge- furnishes the ideas, images, and phrases we use as mental building blocks. Wiles' well developed base of knowledge put the needed theorems and methods at his disposal.
imaginative thinking skills These provide the ability to see things in novel ways, to recognize patterns, and to make connections. Having mastered a problem's basic elements, we redefine or explore it in a new way.
venturesome personality This type of personality seeks new experiences, tolerates ambiguity and risk, and perseveres in overcoming obstacles.
intrinsic motivation Driven more by interest, satisfaction, and challenge than by external pressures. Creative people focus less on extrinsic motivators-meeting deadlines, impressing people, or making money- than on the pleasure and stimulation of the work itself.
creative environment this sparks, supports, and refines creative ideas. Many had the emotional intelligence needed to network effectively with peers. Supports innovation, team-building, and communication. Supports contemplation.
fixation an inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective
receptive language their ability to understand what is said to and about them.
productive language their ability to produce words, matures after their receptive language. they recognize noun-verb differences- as shown by their responses to a misplaced noun or verb-earlier that they utter sentences with nouns and verbs.
universal grammar all human languages have nouns, verbs, and adjectives as grammatical building blocks.
critical period a period for mastering certain aspects of language before the language-learning window closes. o-4/5 years old.
Noam Chomsky This person had the universal grammar theory.
semantics the set of rules for deriving meaning from sounds.
syntax the set of rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences.
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