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Ch. 8 Review
based on textbook
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Multiple-choice questions test our... | recognition |
| Fill-in the blank questions test our... | recall |
| Students often have an easier time reviewing information for the final than they did when initially learning this material at the beginning of the semester. This is an example of... | relearning |
| Why would it be better to test your memory with recall than with recognition prior to an upcoming test? | recalling information is harder than recognizing, so if you can recall it, then your retention is better, and you will be more successful |
| What occurs when we encode memories via elaboration? | we extract meaning from them or make them meaningful to us, for example, by connecting information learned in one place with information learned into another |
| In the expanded three-stage model of memory, what occurs after an external event, but prior to sensory memory? | sensory input |
| What are the three types of incidental information that our brain uses automatic processing to encode? | space, time, and frequency |
| What are three examples of familiar or well-learned information that our brain can use automatic processing to encode? | sounds, smells, and word meanings |
| Automatic processing produces ____ memories, while effortful processing produces ____ memories. | implicit; explicit |
| While studying, you often encode the place where certain material appears; later, you may visualize its location when you want to retrieve the information. This is an example of how we automatically process information about... | space |
| While going about your day, you note the sequence of its events. Later, realizing you've left your phone somewhere, this event sequence will enable you to retrace your steps. This is an example of how we automatically process information about... | time |
| You effortlessly keep track of how many times things happen, such as when you realize, "This is the third time I've run into that person today!" This is an example of how we automatically process information about... | frequency |
| Iconic memories are photographic or picture-image memories that last no more than... | a few tenths of a second |
| If attention is elsewhere, sounds and words, which are echoic memories, can still be recalled within... | 3 or 4 seconds |
| At which of Atkinson-Shiffrin's three memory stages would iconic and echoic memory occur? | sensory memory |
| The level of processing that tends to yield the best retention is ____ processing. | deep |
| Although cramming and rereading may lead to short-term gains in knowledge, distributed practice and repeated ____ will result in the greatest long-term retention. | self-testing |
| If you try to make the material you are learning personally meaningful, are you processing at a shallow or deep level? | deep level of processing |
| A psychologist who asks you to write down as many objects as you can remember having seen a few minutes earlier is testing your | recall |
| The psychological terms for taking in information, retaining it, and later getting it back out are ____, ____, and ____. | enconding; storage; retrieval |
| The concept of working memory clarifies the idea of short-term memory by | focusing on the active processing that occurs in this stage |
| Sensory memory may be visual (____ memory) or auditory (____ memory). | iconic; echoic |
| Our short-term memory for new information is limited to about ____ bits of information. | seven |
| Memory aids that use visual imagery or other organizational devices are called ____. | mnemonics |
| What are the two basic functions of working memory? | actively integrating new information with existing long-term memories and focusing our spotlight of attention |
| ____ processing occurs unconsciously for such things as the sequence and frequency of a day's events, and reading and comprehending words in our own language(s). | automatic |
| ____ processing requires attentive awareness and happens, for example, when we work hard to learn new material in class, or new lines for a play. | effortful |
| Which parts of the brain are important for implicit memory processing? | the cerebellum and basal ganglia |
| Which parts of the brain play a key role in explicit memory processing? | the frontal lobes and hippocampus |
| Which part of the brain is critical to the formation of our emotion-related memories? | the amygdala |
| Which brain area responds to stress hormones by helping to create stronger memories? | the amygdala |
| Increased efficiency at the synapses is evidence of the neural basis of learning and memory. This is called | long-term potentiation |
| What is priming? | the activation, often without our awareness, of associations |
| When we are tested immediately after viewing a list of words, we tend to recall the first and last items best, which is known as the ____ ____ effect. | serial position |
| The hippocampus seems to function as a | temporary processing site for explicit memories |
| Hippocampus damage typically leaves people unable to learn new facts or recall recent events. However, they may be able to learn new skills, such as riding a bicycle, which is an ____ memory. | implicit |
| Long-term potentiation (LTP) refers to | an increase in a cell's firing potential |
| Specific odors, visual images, emotions, or other associations that help us access a memory are examples of | retrieval cues |
| When you feel sad, why might it help to look at pictures that reawaken some of your best memories? | because, by way of mood-congruent memory, reflecting on happy memories may improve your mood and brighten your interpretation of current events |
| When tested immediately after viewing a list of words, people tend to recall the first and last items more readily than those in the middle. When retested after a delay, they are more likely to recall | the first items on the list |
| What are the three ways we forget? | encoding failure, storage decay, and retrieval failure |
| How does encoding failure happen? | unattended information never entered our memory system |
| How does storage decay happen? | information fades from our memory |
| How does retrieval failure happen? | we cannot access stored information accurately, sometimes due to interference or motivated forgetting |
| Freud believed that we ____ unacceptable memories to minimize anxiety. | repress |
| What - given the commonness of source amnesia - might life be like if we remembered all our waking experiences and all our dreams? | real experiences would be confused with those we dreamed |
| Which memory strategies can help you study smarter and retain more information? | rehearse repeatedly, make the material meaningful, activate retrieval cues, use mnemonic devices, minimize proactive and retroactive interference, sleep more, and test your own knowledge, both to rehearse it and to find out what you don't yet know |
| When forgetting is due to encoding failure, information has not been transferred from | short-term memory into long-term memory |
| Ebbinghaus's forgetting curve shows that after an initial decline, memory for novel information tends to | level off |
| You will experience less ____ interference if you learn new material in the hour before sleep than you will if you learn it before turning to another subject. | retroactive |
| Freud proposed that painful or unacceptable memories are blocked from consciousness through a mechanism called | repression |
| One reason false memories form is our tendency to fill in memory gaps with our reasonable guesses and assumptions, sometimes based on misleading information. This tendency is an example of | the misinformation effect |
| Eliza's family loves to tell the story of how she "stole the show" as a 2-year-old, dancing at her aunt's wedding reception. Even though she was so young, Eliza says she can recall the event clearly. How might Eliza have formed this memory? | she likely constructed the memory after hearing the story many times |
| We may recognize a face at a social gathering but be unable to remember how we know that person. This is an example of ____ ____. | source amnesia |
| When a situation triggers the feeling that "I've been here before," you are experiencing ____ ____ | deja vu |
| Children can be accurate eyewitnesses if | a neutral person asks nonleading questions soon after the event |
| Memory researchers involved in the study of memories of abuse tend to disagree with some therapists about whether or not | we tend to repress extremely upsetting memories |
| ____ ____, along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories. | source amnesia |
| Most researchers agree that sexual abuse, injustice, forgetting, and memory construction | all happen |
| Most researchers agree that recovered memories | are common |
| Most researchers agree that memories from before age 4 | are unreliable |
| Most researchers agree that memories claimed to be recovered through hypnosis | are especially unreliable |
| Most researchers agree that memories, whether real or imagined, | can be emotionally upsetting |
Created by:
ccons
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