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PSYC 275 exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Innate need to belong | Fulfills a number of basic human needs, drives us to join groups and feel distinct from those outside our groups |
| Social norms and social roles | Shared expectations in a group about how particular people are supposed to behave |
| Stanford Prison Study (1973) | Men randomly assigned role of prisoner or guard, guards immediately abused prisoners |
| Group cohesiveness | the qualities of a group that bind members together and promote mutual liking |
| Group members similarity | age, gender, beliefs, preferences (lack of diversity and polarization) |
| Social facilitation | In the presence of others when their individual performance can be evaluated |
| Definition of a group | Two or more people who interact and share a common identity, belief or purpose |
| social loafing | The tendency for people to do worse on simple tasks but better on complex tasks when they are in the presence of others and their individual performance cannot be evaluated |
| The Yerkes-Dodson Law | Relationship between pressure and performance, pressure is good until a certain point |
| Deindividuation | The loosening of normal constraints on behavior when people cannot be differentiated (such as when they are in a crowd), leading to an increase in impulsive and deviant acts |
| Groups decision making | Do better than individuals if they rely on the person with the most expertise and consider each other’s comments |
| The “prisoner’s dilemma” game | Two people must choose one of two options without knowing what the other person will choose |
| facial attractiveness | Preferred symmetry, average faces preferred |
| propinquity | The more we see and interact with people, the more likely they are to become our friends |
| similarity | appearance, political ideology, level of commitment |
| reciprocal liking | we like people who like us |
| Attractiveness and the health outcomes of premature infants in the hospital | Nurses pay more attention to the more attractive infants, affects health outcomes negatively |
| Evolutionary psychology and mate preference | Women are attracted by men’s resources, men are attracted by women’s appearance |
| “Good” dancing according to evolutionary psychologists | Large and more varied movements, bending, twisting |
| “Bad” dancing according to evolutionary psychologists | Simple movements, not on beat, more awkward |
| Attraction, olfaction, and political ideology (study discussed in lecture) | People were more likely to choose someone based on scent that was similar to their political beliefs |
| Human behaviors that evolutionary psychology cannot adequately explain | |
| Sternberg’s triangular theory of love | intimacy, passion, decision/commitment |
| intimacy | feelings of closeness, connectedness, and bondedness, warmth |
| passion | the drives that lead to romance, physical attraction, sexual consummation, hot |
| decision/commitment | feelings that lead a person to remain with someone, cognitively based |
| attachment styles in adult relationships | secure attachment, avoidant/insecure attachment, ambivalent/resistant attachment, disorganized |
| secure attachment | have the most enduring, long term romantic relationships, trust, a lack of concern with being abandoned, view that one is worthy and well liked |
| Avoidant/insecure attachment | suppression of attachment needs, because of earlier rejections, find it difficult to develop intimate relationships |
| Ambivalent/resistant attachment style | concern that others will not reciprocate one’s desire for intimacy, higher than average levels of anxiety |
| Disorganized attachment | want to connect with others and share in intimacy and love, but feel they don’t deserve it, tend to behave chaotically in relationships |
| Social exchange theory | Outcome of a relationship based on rewards v costs |
| Equity theory | Posits that people are happiest with relationships in which the rewards and costs are roughly equal for both parties |
| theories on relationship dissolution | intrapersonal (thinks a lot about their dissatisfaction with the relationship), dyadic (discusses the breakup with the partner), social (breakup announced to others), intrapersonal (recovers and makes new version of why it ended) |
| altruism | The desire to help another person even if it involves a cost to the helper |
| Darwin; and the heroes of 9/11 | Can evolutionary theory explain altruism, those who are altruistic protect the many so they can survive |
| evolutionary psychology | Any gene that furthers survival and increases the probability of producing offspring likely to be passed on |
| kin selection | behaviors that help a genetic relative are favored by natural selection |
| gratitude | evolved and facilitates reciprocity |
| The empathy-altruism hypothesis | When we feel empathy for a person, we will attempt to help that person purely for altruistic reasons |
| Gender differences in prosocial behavior | Women more prosocial in long term helping relationships, men more in high risk emergency situations |
| In-group and out-group helping behavior | More likely to help in-group than out-group in all cultures, depends on who they count as part of their in-group |
| Mood and helping | If you are in a positive mood, you are more likely to help others |
| The urban overload hypothesis | people living in cities are constantly being bombarded with stimulation, keep to themselves to avoid being overwhelmed |
| Studies on the bystander effect | Likelihood of helping decreases as more people are present |
| Countries with the highest rate of volunteerism in its population | USA, Australia |
Created by:
gillwags
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