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ITP 6
MEMORY
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| memory | an active system that receives information from the senses |
| memory | puts information into a usable form, organizes it as it stores away and then retrieves the information from the storage. |
| processes of memory | encoding, storage, retrieval |
| encoding | set of mental operations that people perform on sensory information to covert the information into a form that is usable in brain's storage system |
| storage | holding on to the information for a period of time |
| period of time | will actually be different lengths depending on the system of memory being used |
| retrieval | getting the information people know they have out of storage |
| 3 models of memory | information processing model, levels of processing model, parallel distributed processing model |
| information processing model | focuses on the way information is processed through different stages of memory |
| levels of processing model | focuses on the depth of processing associated with specific infor |
| levels of processing model | deeper processing associated with longer retention |
| parallel distributed processing model | focuses on simultaneous information across multiple social network |
| information processing model | proposes 3 stages that vary both in duration and capacity |
| information processing model | information must be processed effectively at earlier stages before long term stage occurs. |
| sensory memory | 1st stage of memory |
| sensory memory | information enters the nervous systems-- eyes, ears |
| a second or so (1sec to 4sec) | a period of time where all info lost in iconic sensory memory |
| iconic sensory memory | visual sensory memory |
| iconic sensory memory | only lasts for a fraction of second |
| George Spelling | studied iconic memory in several classing experiments in1960` |
| eidetic memory | refers to the ability to access a visual sensory memory over a long period of time |
| echoic sensory memory | brief memory of something a person has heard |
| echoic sensory memory | limited to what can be heard at any one moment |
| echoic sensory memory | is smaller than the capacity of iconic memory |
| echoic sensory memory | lasts longer about 2-4secs |
| Short term memory | if a sensory message is important enough to enter consciousness it will enter this stage |
| short term memory | can be held for up to 30 secs or more |
| short term memory | capacity is limited at 3-5 items |
| duration of short term memory | 12-30secs without reheasal |
| selective attention | ability to focus on only one stimulus from among all sensory output |
| selective attention | it is how information enters through stm system |
| working memory | an active system that process information present in short term memory |
| George Miller | argued that the capacity of STM is about 7x // pieces of information plus/ minus // 5-9 |
| George Miller | magical number plus minus 2 |
| long term memory | system into which all the info is placed to be kept more / less permanently |
| Capacity in long term memory | seemingly unlimited |
| duration in long term memory | relatively permanent |
| elaborative rehearsal | transferring info from STM to LTM by making it meaningful in someway |
| Nondeclarative | implicit memory for skills, habit and learned responses |
| nondeclarative | involved amygdala, and cerebellum |
| declarative | things we can know |
| declarative | facts info that make up knowledge |
| declarative | personal memory |
| 2 types of Declarative | Semantic, Episodic |
| semantic memory | general knowledge |
| episodic memory | episodes / events from one's life |
| long term memory organization | organized in terms of related meanings and concepts |
| semantic network model | explains how information is stored in connected fashion |
| parallel distributed processing model | used to explain speed at which different point can be accessed. |
| retrieval cues | more cues stored w/ a piece of information, the easier the retrieval |
| encoding specificty | refers to the connection between surroundings and remembered information |
| context dependent learning | physical surroundings a person is in when they are learning information |
| state dependent learning | memories formed during a particular psychological / physiological will be easer to remember while in a similar state |
| recall | retrieved with few to no external cues, such as filling in the blanks on an application form |
| retrieval failure | "tip of the tongue" |
| serial position effecr | memory improved for items at beginning (primacy) and end (recency) of a list |
| recognition | ability to match a piece of info / stimulus to a stored image of fact |
| automatic encoding | strong emotional associations can lead to vivid and detailed "flashbulb" memories |
| reconstructive nature of ltm retrieval | memories are rarely completely accurate / become less accurate overtime |
| elizabeth loftus | suggested that memory retrieval use a constructive process and memories are built at the time of retrieval |
| hindsight bias | the tendency of ppl to falsely believe that they would have accurately predicted an outcome without having been told about it in advance |
| misinformation effect | incorporation of inaccurate information into actual memory |
| reliability of memory retrieval | false memories can result from change in both walking consciousness states and in altered states |
| forgetting curve | hermann ebbinghaus |
| Hermann Ebbinghaus | one of the first researchers to study forgetting |
| 20mins=60%; 1hr=40% | while the time passes we easily forget after |
| use and apply it daily | in order for us to recall information we must |
| encoding failure | information is not attended to and fails to be encoded |
| decay | information not accessed decays from the storage system over time |
| memory trace | some physical change in brain which occurs when a memory is formed |
| 2 types of interference | proactive interference, retroactive interference |
| proactive interference | older information already in memory interferes with the learning of newer information |
| retroactive interference | newer information interferes with the retrieval of older information |
| procedural memories | cerebellum (skills, physical activities, actions) |
| short term memories | prefrontal cortex, temporal lobe (rational thinking, what we hear |
| semantic and episodic long term memories | frontal and temporal lobe |
| consolidation | may take a few minutes for some memories |
| hippocampus | plays a vital role in formation of new declarative long term memories |
| amnesia | memory loss |
| organic amnesia | caused by problems in brain function associated with brain trauma |
| 2 types of organic amnesia | retrograde amnesia, anterograde amnesia |
| retrograde amnesia | without memory |
| retrograde amnesia | loss of memory from the point of injury backwards |
| anterograde amnesia | loss of memory from the point of illness / injury forward |
| anterograde amnesia | having difficulty remembering anything new |
| senile dementia | severe forgetfulness, mental confusion and mood swings are the primary symptoms |
| alzheimer's disease | causes the person to become more and more forgetful about everyday task |
| infantile amnesia | involves a type of memory that exist in the first few years of life |
| infantile amnesia | early memories tend to implicit, therefor difficult to bring to consciousness |
Created by:
therexe
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