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IntroPsych W1
IntroPsych ch 2&8
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| theory | idea/conceptual model designed to explain existing observations & make predictions about new observations |
| hypothesis | any prediction made about new observations |
| occams razor/parsimony | the simpler the explanation the better it is/more likely |
| within-subject experiment | experiment where a number of subjects are tested in each condition of the independent variable |
| between-groups experiment | experiment where the independent variable differs between groups |
| correlational study | a study where the researcher does not manipulate any variable & observes/measures two ore more existing dependent variables |
| descriptive study | studies that aim to describe the behavior of an individual without assessing relationships between different variables |
| self-report methods | procedures in which people are asked to rate or describe their behavior or mental state in some way |
| hawthorne effect | changes in subjects behavior as a result of knowing they are being observed eg. habituation |
| behaviourism | a theory that focuses on observable behaviour |
| classical conditioning | a neutral stimulus is associated with a meaningful stimulus & causes a response |
| habituation | decreased response to stimulus after repeated exposure |
| operant conditioning | association between behaviour & consequence |
| aversive conditioning | repeated paring of stimulus with an unpleasant stimulus (shock therapy) |
| continuous reinforcement | behaviour is reinforced every-time it occurs (extinction happens quickly) |
| partial reinforcement | reinforcer follows a behaviour for a short period of time |
| schedules of reinforcement | fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, variable interval |
| overjustification effect | The phenomenon in which a person who initially performs a task for no reward (except the enjoyment of the task) becomes less likely to perform that task for no reward after a period during which he or she has been rewarded for performing |
| spontaneous recovery | the process of recovering a conditioned response aftera time delay |
| Westermarck effect | Observation that people who are raised together from early in childhood rarely develop a sexual attraction to one another |
| vicarious reinforcement | In Bandura’s social cognitive theory, learning from observing others’ behaviors and their consequences |
Created by:
veda1
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