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Vitamins & Minerals
| Vitamin/Mineral | Generic Name & Notes | For | Deficiency | Toxicity | Sources | Commercial |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vitamin A | Retinol, beta carotene Fat soluble | Bone growth, vision reproduction, infection resistance (mucus secretions) | Blindness or problems with night vision Change in skin texture Pork roast and development | Birth defects, liver damage, nausea, fatigue, headache | Orange fruits and veggies, liver, fortified milk, oily fish | Retin a micro tretinoin cream for acne Renova for wrinkles *marketed as an antioxidant |
| Vitamin D | Calciferol Fat soluble | Absorption of calcium and phosphorus, for proper bone formation, prevents osteoporosis | Rickets osteomalacia, osteoporosis Sunscreens SPF greater than 8 block synthesis of Kidney and liver disease prevents activation of D3 to D2, malabsorption of fat | Nausea vomiting, poor appetite, weakness, constipation, increase elderly fall risk, mental status change, hypercalcemia (muscle and bone pain, arrhythmias) | Exposure to light, fatty fish, fortified cereals and milk | -Vitamin D3 (preferred) cholecalciferol (More efficient as supplement at increasing serum levels then vitamin D2 ergocalciferol) -Rx: Drisdol Deltalin - ergocalciferol |
| Vitamin E | Alpha-tocopherol Fat soluble | Antioxidant, immune system, prevents | Due to malabsorption of fats. Nerve damage, anemia, myopathy | Increased risk of bleeding | Veggie oils, nuts, egg yolks, green leafy veggies, avocados | Skin creams for scars; anti-aging cream |
| Vitamin K | Phytonadione Fat soluble | Blood clotting, bone formation, Given to newborns in hospital to prevent hemorrhaging | Excess bleeding | Rare, can be produced by bacteria in small intestine | Green leafy veggies | Antidote to Coumadin / warfarin |
| Vitamin B1 | Thiamine Water soluble | Energy production by metabolism of carbs, brain nerve and heart function | Anorexia, fatigue, depression, muscle weakness, confusion, edema, and large heart, heart failure Due to alcoholism and poor diet | Liver, whole grains, fortified cereals and flour | ||
| Vitamin B2 | Riboflavin Water soluble | Healthy eyes, skin, nervous system | Rare Dry red flaky skin, light sensitivity, burning sensation in feet Due to alcoholism or poor diet | Milk, beef, fortified cereal and flour | ||
| Vitamin B3 | Niacin Water soluble | Normal function of nervous system, digestive system, forming red blood cells and skin cells, *lowers cholesterol* | ***TREATS*** Pellagra: deficiency of vitamin 3 and tryptophan 4Ds dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea, death | Flushing | Lean meats, poultry, fish, peanuts, fortified cereal and flour | OTC niacin Rx: niaspin and niacinamide |
| Vitamin B6 | Pyridoxine Water soluble | Allows red blood cells to carry oxygen, regulates metabolism, digestive system, fluid balance, neurotransmitter production | Pellagra-like symptoms, rare, due to alcoholism and malabsorption | Meat, poultry, whole grain products, nuts, legumes | ||
| Vitamin B9 | Folic acid Water soluble | Produce red and white blood cells | Anemia; due to alcoholism, malabsorption | Leafy vegetables, fortified flour, legumes, oranges | ***PREVENTS*** Spina bifida - neural tube defect in first month of pregnancy | |
| Vitamin B12 | Cobalamin, Cyanocobalamin Water soluble | Red blood cell formation, formation of bone marrow, metabolism | Pernicious Anemia - due to malabsorption, poor diet - elderly risk malabsorption - encourage eat B12 foods, supplements maybe | Meet, poultry, fish, eggs, fortified cereals | ||
| Other B vitamins Biotin B5 - pantothenic acid | Water soluble | Carbohydrate, fat, and protein synthesis and metabolism | Energy drinks or supplements High doses of B vitamins to increase blood flow to brain and increase energy Be aware of caffeine content! | |||
| Vitamin C | Ascorbic acid Water soluble **Vitamin easily destroyed by heat, oxygen, and alkaline environments | AIDS and absorption of iron, formation of collagen: bones, cartilage, muscle, blood vessels | Scurvy - leading gums, poor tooth/bone development, tooth loss, fatigue, skin lesions Smokers, alcoholism, oral contraception users decreases absorption | Citrus fruits, fresh fruits, and vegetables | Prevention - common cold Antioxidant - helps heal damage by free radicals | |
| Calcium - Ca | Macro mineral | Strong bones and teeth, blood clotting, muscle contraction, nerve impulses transmission | Osteoporosis, osteomalacia/rickets, muscle spasms, behavior and personality disorders Women do not get enough Due to - malabsorption, vitamin D deficiency, renal failure, alcoholism | Excess- kidney stones, anorexia, nausea and vomiting, constipation | Dairy products, bones sardines | Supplements - smaller doses frequently for example 500 mg for three times a day is greater than 1500 mg once |
| Phosphorus - P | Macro mineral | Works with calcium for bone formation Cell growth and metabolism | ||||
| Magnesium - Mg | Macro mineral | Bone formation, muscle and nerve function, heart rhythm maintenance | Leads to low calcium and potassium | |||
| Electrolytes - water balance, carries nutrients through the GI system - Chloride Cl - Sodium Na - Potassium K | Macro minerals | Chloride- NaCl equals table salt Sodium - muscle function, nerve impulse transmission NIT Potassium - muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission NIT | Occurs with diuretics | Supplements - potassium chloride - Klorcon, K-tab, K-dur | ||
| Iron-Fe | Micro mineral - Trace element Stored in liver, spleen, intestines, bone marrow | Works in red blood cells for oxygen transportation common functional form in hemoglobin and myoglobin | Iron deficiency anemia | kids - candy like appearance, OD danger, corrosive to GI mucosa, affects the heart, lungs, and liver | Red meat, liver, legumes, raisins | Supplements - don't take at the same time as calcium, blocks absorption Side effects - upset stomach, nausea and vomiting, constipation |
| Iodine - I | Micro mineral - Trace element | Essential for thyroid hormone production | Hypothyroidism, goiters, slowed metabolism caused by hypothyroidism | Fish and seafood, table salt is fortified with | ||
| Zinc - Zn | Micro mineral - Trace element | Immune system, protein synthesis, burn/wound healing, roles in reproduction organ growth / development, prostate gland function | Meat, poultry, shellfish - oysters | Cold prevention - Zicam, zinc lozenges Wound healing - Bacitracin Zinc | ||
| Fluoride-F | Micro mineral - Trace element | Healthy teeth - enamel | Excess-molting teeth, can lead to death | Municipal drinking water | RX- fluoride tabs-kids with well water Fluoride treatments - kids - prevent cavitivities Prevident - high-fluoride toothpaste | |
| Other Trace elements: Cobalt Co - vitamin B12 formation Copper Cu - iron metabolism; deficiency-anemia Chromium Cr Manganese Mn Molybdenum Mo Selenium SE Silicon Si Vanadium V | Micro minerals - Trace elements Usually no deficiency unless on total parenteral nutrition TPN a long time | |||||
| Nutrient-depleting drug examples *Great source- lexicomps drug-induced nutrient depletion handbook | Diuretics - potassium | PPIs and H2 agonists, metformin - vitamin B12 cyanocobalamin | Dilantin-vitamin b, d, and K, calcium | NSAIDs - vitamin B9 folic acid | Birth control pills- vitamin B and C, magnesium and zinc | Statins-coenzyme q10 CoQ10 |
| Medication/nutrient interaction examples | Ace inhibitors, ARBs, potassium-sparing diuretics -vs- KCl - increase potassium | Aluminum, magnesium, calcium, iron -vs- floroquidones, tetracycles, bisphosphonates (w/o iron) - decreases effectiveness - bind to drugs | Folic acid - vs- methotrexate Beneficial effect of decreasing side effects | Vitamin K - vs- warfarin Decreases effectiveness of warfarin | ||
| Dietary guidelines | Determined by USDA-us department of agriculture - and HHS-health and human services | Designed to reduce and prevent diet related disease while promoting good healthy weight gain for Americans to and older | Updated every 5 years based on - age, sex, pregnancy, lactating | Evidence-based | ||
| Nutrients Chemicals needed for the body to grow and survive | Organic - contains carbon Carbohydrates, fats, protein, vitamins | Inorganic Minerals, water, oxygen | Proteins - amino acids for tissue growth and repair, muscle formation Found in eggs, meat, beans, nuts | Carbohydrates - starch and sugars for energy - fiber rich ideally - avoid refined sugars Found in dash potatoes, veggies, fruit, bread, rice, wheat, corn | Fats and oils - concentrated form of energy Dying calories per gram of fat Limit saturated (animal) fat Opt for monosaturated and polyunsaturated fat From plants, vegetable oils, omega-3 from fish | |
| Vitamins and minerals | Vitamins - organic compounds contain carbon Minerals - inorganic elements | Units of measure- grams gm, micrograms mcg, milligrams mg, international units IU Both needed by the body for normal function, growth, and development | At risk for deficiencies - infants, vegetarians, pregnant women, chronically ill, alcoholics, elderly, malabsorption conditions including gastric bypass | Must get from diet: Vitamin D - synthesized by body using UV rays from the Sun through skin Vitamin K - produced in gut | Dietary reference intake- Recommended daily allowance RDA Adequate intake AI Upper limit UL AI used when RDA not established UL to prevent toxicities |
Created by:
Adriannld
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