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Psych Exam
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Typical Behaviour | When the individual acts as they usually do. |
| Atypical Behaviour | When the individual acts in ways that are unusual for them. |
| Adaptive Behaviour | Actions that enable a person to effectively carry out their usual everyday tasks. |
| Maladaptive Behaviour | Behaviour that interferes with the person's ability to carry out their usual activities in an effective way. |
| Mental Illness | - Has affected someone for a long period of times. - Significantly affects how the person behaves. |
| 4P's of Mental Illness | - Predisposing risk factor - Precipitating risk factor - Perpetuating risk factor - Protective factors |
| Predisposing Factors | Factors that have contributed to this patient's problem over their life. |
| Precipitating Factors | Issues or events that have caused the person to see someone. |
| Perpetuating Factors | Current things that are making the patient's condition worse. |
| Protective Factors | Thing that reduce a risk factor's impact. |
| Biopsychosocial Model | A model of health that integrates the effects of biological, behavioral, and social factors on health and illness. |
| Neuron | An individual nerve cell. |
| Dendrites | Receive information from other neurons, which they carry from the synapses to the soma. |
| Soma | It controls the metabolism and maintenance of the neuron. |
| Axon | A nerve fibre that extends from the soma and carries information towards the cells that communicate with that neuron. |
| Myelin Sheath | - A coating of cells that encases the axons of some neurons. - Increases transmission speed. |
| Axon Terminal | Transmit messages to the next neuron. |
| Motor Neurons | Carry messages from the CNS to cells in skeletal muscles, organs and glands. |
| Sensory Neurons | Receive and carry sensory information to the CNS. |
| Interneurons | Act as a link between sensory and motor neurons. |
| Cerebral Cortex | The folded outer layer of the two cerebral hemispheres. |
| Corpus Callosum | A band of nerve tissue that connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres, it is the main communication pathway between the hemispheres. |
| Controls the right side of your body. | Left Hemisphere |
| Verbal Functions - read, write, and understand speech. | Left Hemisphere |
| Analytical Functions - problem solving, logical reasoning, analyse, organise. | Left Hemisphere |
| Judging rhythm and time. | Left Hemisphere |
| Writing, language, maths, science and logic. | Left Hemisphere |
| Controls the left side of your body. | Right Hemisphere |
| Non-verbal functions - music, art, spatial tasks, recognising faces, daydreaming, fantasy. | Right Hemisphere |
| Detection and expression of emotions. | Right Hemisphere |
| Visualisation, sculpture, dance, art appreciation, perception, holistic processing. | Right Hemisphere |
| Four Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex | Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal |
| Frontal Lobe Location | Largest part, located at the front. |
| Parietal Lobe | Located behind the frontal lobe, middle. |
| Occipital Lobe | Located behind the parietal lobe, at the back |
| Temporal Lobe | Located under the frontal and parietal lobe, at the bottom |
| The Frontal Lobe Functions | - Judging, planning and using initiative. - Involved with the expression of personality and emotions. - Responsible for voluntary movements. |
| Broca's Area | - Located in the left frontal lobe. - Controls the muscles required in speech. - Linked with the meaning of words, structure of sentences. - Involved with analysing grammatical structure. |
| Parietal Lobe Functions | - Receive and analyse messages from the body's sensory receptors. - Specific parts of the cortex are responsible for different body parts. |
| Primary Somatosensory Cortex | - A part of the parietal lobe. - Responsible for receiving and processing sensory information. |
| The Occipital Lobe Functions | - Visual information is received and processed. - Enables us to form visual perceptions, think visually and remember visual images. |
| Primary Visual Cortex | - Located at the base of each occipital lobe. - Receives and processes visual information from the photoreceptors on the retina of each eye. |
| Temporal Lobe Functions | - Associated with hearing - Plays a role in memory. - Decides which features of our environment we choose to remember and perceive. |
| Wernicke's Area | - Located in the left temporal lobe. - Involved with interpreting sounds. - Vital for locating appropriate words from memory |
| The Cerebellum | - Responsible for balance. - Controls & coordinates movements. |
| The Brain Stem | - Connects the brain and spinal cord. - Responsible for many vital functions of life, such as breathing and sleep. |
| Brain Stem Location | Bottom of the brain, right next to spine. |
| Cerebellum Location | At the bottom, under the occipital lobe. |
| Central Nervous System (CNS) | - Consists of the brain and spinal cord. - Controls the body by processing and responding to sensory input from the peripheral nervous system. |
| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) | - Composed of all the nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord. - Communicate information to and from the central nervous system |
| Somatic Nervous System (SNS) | The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls voluntary movement of skeletal muscles. |
| Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) | The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary and automatic commands. |
| Sympathetic Nervous System | One of the two systems of the ANS best known for it's control of "fight-or-flight" responses. |
| Parasympathetic Nervous System | One of the two systems of the ANS best known for regulating "rest and digest" functions. |
| Psychologist | Four years at university. Work with people who do NOT suffer a mental illness Assist with thoughts, feelings, and behaviours. Cannot prescribe medication. |
| Psychiatrist | Need a medical degree and then further study in psychiatry. Work specifically with people managing mental illness. Can prescribe medication to patients. |
| Pseudoscience | Beliefs, theories, or practices that have been or are considered scientific, but have no basis in scientific fact. |
| Pseudoscience Examples | Astrology, Numerology, Graphology |
| Steps in Psychological Research | 1. Identify research topic 2. Formulate hypothesis 3. Design the research method 4. Collect the data 5. Analyse the data 6. Interpret the data 7. Report the research findings |
| Independent Variable | The characteristic of an experiment that is manipulated or changed. |
| Dependent Variable | The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable. |
| Experimental Group | The group that is exposed to the independent variable. |
| Control Group | The group that is not exposed to the independent variable. |
| Independent Groups Design | An experimental design where different participants are used in each condition of the experiment. |
| Repeated Measures Design | Each participant is in both the experimental and control conditions. |
| Matched Participants Design | An experimental design where pairs of participants are matched in terms of key variables, such as age and IQ. |
| Conclusion | A decision about what the results obtained from a research study mean. |
| Generalisation | A decision about how widely the findings of a research study can be applied to other members of the population. |
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