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Modules 26-27
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| acquisition | in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neural stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response |
| associative learning | learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning) |
| behaviorism | the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes. |
| classical conditioning | a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events |
| cognitive learning | the acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language |
| conditioned response | a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus |
| conditioned stimulus | an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response |
| discrimination | the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal and unconditioned stimulus |
| extinction | the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced |
| generalization | the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses |
| habituation | decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation |
| high-order conditioning | a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus |
| learning | the process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors |
| neutral stimulus | a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning |
| spontaneous recovery | the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response |
| stimulus | any event or situation that evokes a response |
| unconditioned response | an unlearned, naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus |
| unconditioned stimulus | a stimulus that unconditionally -- naturally and automatically -- triggers a response |
| conditioned reinforcer | a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer |
| continuous reinforcement | reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs |
| discriminative stimulus | a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement) |
| fixed-interval schedule | a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed |
| fixed-ratio schedule | a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses |
| law of effect | Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely |
| negative reinforcement | increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli. Any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response |
| operant chamber | a chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain food or water reinforcer; attached devices record animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking |
| operant conditioning | a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher |
| partial (intermittent) reinforcement | reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement |
| positive reinforcement | increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers. Any stimulus, that when presented after a response strengthens the response |
| primary reinforcer | an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need |
| punishment | an event that tends to decrease the behavior that it follows |
| reinforcement schedule | a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced |
| reinforcement | any event that strengthens the behavior it follows |
| shaping | an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior |
| variable-interval schedule | a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals |
| variable-ratio schedule | a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses |
Created by:
margaret_05
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