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PS Test 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Proton | Charge: +1, Mass Number: 1, Location: inside the nucleus |
| Neutron | Charge: 0, Mass Number: 1, Location: inside the nucleus |
| Electron | Charge: -1, Mass Number: 0, Location: Moving around outside the nucleus |
| How does the ratio of neutrons to protons affect the stability of the nucleus? | for every atomic number there is an ideal ratio of n to p. A nucleus with a favorable ratio of n and p is stable and not radioactive (in the valley of stability). when the ratio is outside the valley it has an unstable nucleus and is radioactive. |
| When is an atom radioactive? | Atoms are radioactive if the protons and neutrons in the nucleus are configured in an unstable way |
| Mass number (A) equals what? | The number of protons (p) plus the number of neutrons (n) |
| Z equals what? | the atomic number |
| P equals what? | the number of protons in the nucleus and the charge of the nucleus |
| X equals what? | symbol for particle/element |
| How to find the overall charge of an atom? | number of protons minus the number of electrons, more electrons=negative charge, more protons=positive charge |
| Nuclear reactions | change in the nucleus, produce new elements (new charge number), produces large amount of energy per gram of material, emits harmful ionizing radiation, total charge and mass stays the same. |
| Radioactive Decay | radioactive nuclei spontaneously emit ionizing radiation |
| Types of radioactive decay | Alpha particle emission produces a helium nucleus, Beta particle emission, Gamma emission |
| Nuclear Fission | A neutron splits from a large nuclei into 2 smaller nuclei, products are radioactive |
| Nuclear Fusion | 2 smaller nuclei combine to form a larger one, very clean, uses water for fuel |
| Electron | particle that carries a negative charge, acts as a carrier for electricity |
| Proton | Particle with positive electric charge equal to that of an electron but opposite charge |
| Neutron | particle has the same mass as a proton but without a charge, |
| Nuclide | distinct kind of atom characterized by a specific number of protons and neutrons |
| Isotope | 2 or more forms of the same element, contains equal number of protons, but different number of neutrons |
| Allotrope | 2 or more different physical forms in which an element can exist |
| Charge Number | Number of protons in the nucleus |
| Mass number | total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus |
| Alpha particle | chuck of the nucleus breaks for and gets rid of the protons the particle produced in 4He2 charge of +2 |
| Beta particle | neutron breaks off and turns into a proton, neutron turns into high energy |
| Gamma ray | too much energy, gotten rid of a photon ray |
| Ionizing radiation | any radiation, as a stream of alpha particles or x-rays, that produces ionization as it passes through a medium. |
| Example of ionizing radiation | nuclear energy, radiocarbon dating, radiotracers in medicine, radiotherapy in cancer treatment, irradiation of food, sterilization of harmful insects |
| Bohr model of an atom | Planetary model in which electrons orbit around the nucleus. Only certain orbits with certain energies are allowed. The energy of the electron is quantized. Works for hydrogen, not for other elements |
| Valence Electrons | The number of electrons in the outermost occupied shells |
| Group | The group number equals the number of valence electrons for an atom of an element, columns of the periodic table |
| Octet Rule | atoms gain, lose, or share electrons on order to obtain eight electrons in their outer shell (an octet) |
| electronegativity | the ability of an atom in a compound to attract electrons to itself |
| period | the rows across the periodic table |
| Covalent bonding | nonmetal and metal, electrons are shared between atoms, molecules are formed but are not usually electrical conductors |
| Ionic Bonding | metal and nonmetal, Electrons are transferred from metal to nonmetal, metal becomes a positive ion and nonmetal becomes a negative ion, solids and are not electrical conductors |
| Metallic Bonding | metal and metal, highly mobile electrons are shared by metal atoms, metals are good electrical and thermal conductors |
| Photon | particle concerning the electromagnetic field |
| Quantized | a system cannot have any possible energy value but instead is limited to certain specific energy values |
| Which state of matter does a strong force favor | Solids |
| Core electrons | total number of electrons minus the number of valence electrons |
| 4 Fundamental forces of nature | Gravitational force, electromagnetic force, strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force |
Created by:
lwomer
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