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Psych Chp 12
Social Psychology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Social thinking (social psychology) | focus on social influences that explain why the same person acts differently in different situations |
| Attribution theory | behavior of others explained by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition (reasons why we perceive people as we do) |
| Fundamental attribution error | tendency for observers, when analyzing others' behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition |
| _____ theory explains someone's behaviors by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition | attribution |
| Factors that affect attributions | culture, whose behavior, exceptions: our deliberate, admirable actions are attributed to our own good reasons, not to the situation / with age, younger selves' behaviors are attributed to our traits |
| Attributions to a person's _______ or to the _______ have real consequences. | disposition; situation |
| Attitude affects actions | attitude; peripheral route persuasion; central route persuasion |
| Peripheral route persuasion | relies on association (around the topic) |
| Central route persuasion | stay on subject; rely on facts |
| Actions affect attitudes | foot-in-the-door phenomenon |
| Foot-in-the-door phenomenon | the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request is called (the) ___________ |
| Role playing affects _________ | attitudes |
| Cognitive dissonance theory | attitudes-follow-behavior principle and when our attitudes don't coincide with our behavior (TENSION) (you don't like what you're doing (like a job)) |
| People can ___ themselves into a way of thinking as easily as they can think of themselves ______ in a certain way | act; acting / it takes a bit to get into reality (feel like a pretender) -> you get used to the role and it becomes reality |
| The tension we experience when we become aware that our attitudes and actions don't coincide is known as _________. | cognitive dissonance |
| Social influences | norms / influence and power of norms |
| Norms: | rules for expected and acceptable behavior |
| Cultural influences | culture / preservation of innovation; division of labor |
| Culture | behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by group of people and transmitted from one generation to next |
| Conformity | complying with social pressure (doing something even if you don't really have the desire to) |
| Types of conformity | suggestibility and natural mimicry |
| Suggestibility | social contagion (chameleon effect) and mood contagion |
| Social contagion (chameleon effect) | spreads very quickly; yawning, coughing, looking up at the sky |
| Mood contagion | reading a neutral passage with a happy or sad sounding voice |
| Natural mimicry | enable ability to empathize and mood linkage |
| Enable ability to empathize | we feel happy around happy people and not happy around depressed people |
| Mood linkage | we mimic those we like |
| Asch's conformity experiements | comparing obvious things and testing if the subject will go with the answer the majority says, even if the subject does not agree with it |
| Normative social influence | conform to avoid rejection or to gain social approval |
| Informational social influence | accept others' opinions about reality |
| Conformity is more likely when people: | feel incompetent /insecure, group with at least 3 ppl (esp. a group in which everyone else agree), admire group's status and attrac., have not made a prior commitment to any response, know that others are judging, from culture that strongly encou. respect |
| We are more likely to NOT conform when we ________. | are in a group with less than 3 people |
| Research study at Yale by Stanley Milgram had what goal? | to find out how far will people go when following authority and influencers (even if they know it's wrong) |
| Conditions that influenced obedience (Milgram) | person giving orders was close at hand and seemed to be legit authority, authority figure was supported by powerful/prestigious instite. (Yale), victim was depersonalized or at distance, NO ROLE MODELS DISPLAYED DEFIANCE (like other "subjects" |
| Strong social influences induce many people to __________ to __________ or ______ to ____________ | conform; falsehoods; capitulate; cruelty |
| Great evils often _____ out of compliance with _______ ______ | grow; lesser evils |
| Minority influence is more likely when a _______ is ________ _________. | position; held firmly |
| Which psychologist conducted the famous and controversial experiments on obedience? | Stanley Milgram |
| Social facilitation (Triplett) | a crowd might make an individual better (others might get nervous in front of crowd, depends on number of people in crowd) |
| Social loafing | tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts towards attaining a common goal than when individual accountable |
| Deindividuation | you are now part of a/"the" group/losing self-awareness/doing things anomously/things you wouldn't do individually |
| Groupthink (Janis) | mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides realistic appraisal of the alternatives |
| If a group is like minded: | discussion strengthens its prevailing opinions |
| Talking over racial issues _______ prejudice in a ____ prejudice group of high school students and _________ it in a ___ prejudice group | increased; high; decreased; low |
| The internet _______ __________ _____ | connects like-minded people |
| Internet connections can bring ________ __________ | emotional healing |
| Online sharing can also __________ ____________ _____________ | strengthen social movements |
| Electronic communication and social networking can: | encourage people to isolate themselves from those with different opinions |
| On social media, we often: | share political content with like-minded others |
| Like-minded + conversation = | group polarization |
| What is the behavioral effect of social loafing? | decreased effort |
| Robert arrives to class and sees everyone else has left their coats on. Thinking that perhaps he has forgotten about a trip or other event, Robert decides to leave his coat on as he gets seated. This is an example of _______. | conformity |
| Prejudice | prejudgment unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members |
| What are components of prejudice | negative emotions, stereotypes, predisposition to discriminate (race, ethnicity, sex (gender), old vs young (age)) |
| _________ is unjustifiable negative attitude toward a group or its members. | prejudice |
| Explicit prejudice | clear awareness |
| Implicit prejudice | unthinking response; "no, I'm not prejudice" -> says something that is prejudice |
| Focus of implicit research studies | testing for unconscious group associations, considering unconscious patronization, monitoring reflective bodily responses |
| Microaggression | based on how you look, people assume you are from somewhere else so they'll say "oh! you speak English very well" even though you were born in America |
| Overt interracial prejudice: | wanes |
| Subtle prejudice: | lingers |
| Gender prejudice | sharp decline of overt gender prejudice; implicit prejudice still exists |
| LGBTQ prejudice | cultural variation, but explicit prejudice in most of the world; higher negative mental health consequences |
| Belief systems prejudice | explicit prejudice; ex: muslims |
| Social inequalities and divisions (roots of prejudice ) | just-world phenomenon, ingroup, outgroup, ingroup bias |
| Just-world phenomenon | people get what they deserve |
| Ingroup | personal/similar |
| Outgroup | not identified with self |
| Ingroup bias | favoring one's ingroup memories over others (outgroup) |
| Negative emotions (roots of prejudice) | scapegoat theory and research evidence (economically frustrated people tend to express heightened prejudice, experiments that create temporary frustration intensify prejudice) / Schadenfreude |
| Scapegoat theory | tendency to blame someone else for one's own problems |
| Aggression | any psychical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone, whether done out of hostility or as a calculated means to an end / emerges from the interaction of biology and experience |
| Biology of aggression | genetic influences, neural influences, and biochemical influences |
| Genetic influences | twin studies, genetic markers (Y chromosome; monoamine oxidase [MOA]) |
| Neural influences | animal and human brains have neural systems that, given provocation, will either inhibit or facilitate aggression (amygdala; frontal lobes) |
| Biochemical influences | hormones (testosterone), alcohol |
| Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding aggression? | High testosterone is linked to aggression |
| Psychological and social-cultural factors in aggression | aversive events, reinforcement and modeling, media models for violence |
| Aversive events | frustration-aggression principle -- leads to CONFLICT / CONFLICT is most likely when -- we perceive OTHERS' intentions are OPPOSED or UNAWARE of OUR purposes and concerns |
| Reinforcement and modeling | differences in how cultures model, reinforce, and evoke violent tendencies |
| Media models for violence | television, films, music, video games, and internet / social scripts |
| Antisocial Biological Influences | heredity, biochemical factors (such as testosterone and alcohol), neural factors (such as a severe head injury) |
| Antisocial Psychological Influences | dominating behavior (which boosts testosterone levels in the blood), believing that alcohol has been ingested (whether it has or not), frustration, aggressive role models, rewards for aggressive behavior, low self-control |
| Antisocial Social-Cultural Influences | deindividuation (or a loss of self-awareness and self-restraint), challenging environmental factors (such as crowding, head and direct provocations), parental models of aggression, rejection from a group, exposure to violent media |
| Psychology of attraction | proximity and mere exposure effect |
| Modern matchmaking | online matchmaking, speed dating |
| Physical attractiveness | predicts dating frequency and feeling of popularity, affects initial personality impressions, is unrelated to self-esteem and happiness, is influenced by culture (like society standards) |
| Similarity | influences the likelihood that a relationship will endure, reward theory of attraction |
| Passionate love | aroused state of intense positive absorption in another usually present at the beginning of a romantic relationship |
| Two-factor theory of emotion | two ingredients of emotion: psychical arousal plus cognitive appraisal / arousal from any source can enhance one emotion or another, depending on how arousal in interpreted or labeled |
| Companionate love | deep, affectionate attachment; adaptive value / testosterone, dopamine, and adrenaline levels subside; oxytocin remains / equity / self-disclosure |
| Self-disclosing intimacy + mutually supportive equity = | enduring companionate love |
| Altruism | unselfish concern for the welfare of others, bystander intervention, situational factor influence: presence of others |
| Responses to a simulated emergency | when people thought they alone heard the calls for help from a person they believed to be having an epileptic seizure, the usually helped / when they though four others were also hearing the calls, fewer than one-third responded |
| Bystander intervention | helping someone depends on the characteristics of the person, situation, and internal state |
| The odds of helping are highest when ________. | we are feeling guilty |
| Conflict | involves perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas / may create either a positive change or a destructive process |
| Social traps | involve the right to pursue personal well-being versus responsibility for the well-being of all / mitigated with effective regulations, communication, and awareness |
| Enemy perceptions | mirror-image perceptions and self-fulfilling prophecies |
| Mirror-image perceptions | seeing one's views as correct while other person is wrong/evil (same in perspective of other person) |
| Self-fulfilling prophecies | like a prediction / expectation coming true because the person believes it will happen |
| How can we make peace? | contact, cooperation (sherif: superordinate goals), communication (third-party mediator; win-win orientation), conciliation (Osgood: graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension-reduction (GRIT)) |
Created by:
edandromeda
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