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Psych. 1303-Test 2
Chapters 4-6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is learning? | a relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience (defined by behaviorists) b/c behavior is the only thing observable. |
| Types of Learning | 1. Classical Conditioning 2. Operant Conditioning 3. Cognitive & Social Learning |
| What is Classical Conditioning? | most basic type/kind of learning. Discovered by: Ivan Pavlov (accidentally) while studying digestion in dogs. |
| U.S. | Unconditional Stimulus |
| U.R. | Unconditional Response |
| C.S. | Conditional Stimulus |
| C.R. | Conditional Response |
| Pavlov's Experiment -- Phase 1 | Food (U.S.) : Salivation (U.R.) ... reflexive response Tone: nothing (neutral stimulus) |
| Pavlov's Experiment -- Phase 2 | C.S. is repeatedly paired with the U.S. (acquisition). Eventually, the C.S. elicits a new C.R. --Classical Conditioning is complete when hearing the tone by itself causes salivation. |
| Avoidance Learning | if the experience is unpleasant, we avoid the stimulus. |
| Conditioned Emotional Response | an emotionally charged conditioned response elicited by a previously neutral stimulus. |
| Phobias | an irrational fear of a specific object/situation. |
| Little Albert | studied by John Watson. U.S.=Noise; U.R.=Crying; C.S.=Rat; C.R.=Crying |
| Biological Preparedness | a built-in readiness for certain conditioned stimuli to elicit particular conditioned responses. Fears that are automatically in you. |
| Contra-preparedness | a built-in disinclination (or even an inability) for certain conditioned stimuli to elicit particular conditioned response. (snake phobia compared to car door phobia). |
| Extinction | process to extinguish behavior. |
| Spontaneous Recovery | remembering immediately ... even if behavior was put @ rest for some time ... think of doggy example. |
| Stimulus Generalization | respond to things that are similar. Think of Little Albert and his new fear of anything white and furry (rabbits, dogs, etc.) |
| Stimulus Discrimination | think of poisoning .. you no longer want that type of food, but that does not mean that you'll exclude ALL types of food. |
| Habituation | repeatedly exposed to the same stimuli ... response will eventually diminish ... you will become used to the stimuli. |
| Operant Conditioning (Instrumental) | the process whereby a behavior becomes associated with its consequences. Discovered by Edwards Thorndike. |
| Examples of Operant Conditioning | tantrums are punished: fewer tantrums. tantrums bring attention: more tantrums. slot machines give $: more gambling. reward dog for sitting: dog is likely to sit more. |
| Thorndike's Puzzle Box | hungry cat and door ... think of this example. |
| Law of Effect | Thorndike! When an action leads to a satisfying state of affairs , the behavior is likely to be repeated. If something you do makes you happy, then you will do it again. Same goes w/ unsatisfying state of affairs. |
| Operant Conditioning is associated with... | Skinner Box |
| Stimulus Response | connection b/w these 2. |
| Positive Reinforcement | adding something positive (pleasant). |
| Negative Reinforcement | taking away something negative (unpleasant). Ex: if you do your hw on time, then you won't have to mow the lawn this weekend. |
| Punishment | DECREASES the likelihood of behavior occurring. Ex: burping, fighting, arguing, pooping, etc. |
| Positive Punishment | we ADD something negative (unpleasant). |
| Negative Punishment | we TAKE AWAY something positive (good). Ex: if you don't do your hw on time, you'll get your toy taken away ... taken away approval is also Negative Punishment). |
| Reinforcement | best way for it to actually be effective. |
| Effective Punishment | SWIFTS (no..wait, until your dad gets home). CONSISTENT (same consequence everytime the behavior occurs).APPROPRIATELY AVERSIVE (unpleasant enough to matter, but not overly unpleasant). |
| Example of Effective Punishment | Dr. Anderson's story: coloring on the wall ... spanked! But mom buys paper and rewards for each time coloring is done on paper! |
| Primary Reinforcement | instinctively causes us to change a behavior(some sort of physiological behavior). |
| Examples of Primary Reinforcement | pain; food; water (how they affect us). |
| Secondary Reinforcement | do NOT need a physical need, but are still reinforcing. |
| Examples of Secondary Reinforcement | praise (attention); grades; privileges (how they affect us). |
| Behavior Modification | uses SECONDARY REINFORCEMENT to change behavior (gradual process--uses rewards) |
| Examples of Behavior Modification | rehab program; prison (how they change us). |
| Immediate Reinforcement | literally immediately; INSTANT. |
| Delayed Reinforcement | literally delayed; at a later time. |
| Example of Immediate/Delayed Reinforcement | party tonight or study for exam in 7 days? |
| Generalization | performing a learned behavior (you are conscious of it) in response to a similar stimulus. |
| Example of Generalization | blowing on hot chocolate (even when milk is cold). |
| Discrimination | we learn to respond to particular stimuli; not just anything that is similar. |
| Discriminative Stimuli | cues that tell us how to respond |
| Example of Discriminative Stimuli | given a cup of milk, you don't blow on it. |
| Extinction (when we stop) | the failing of a response following an initial burst (continue to try) of behavior when the reinforcement has failed to present. |
| Example of Extinction | dead battery...you try for a couple of times, but you eventually stop (realize what is going on). |
| Spontaneous Recovery | you never forget how to use it...you purposely do not use it. |
| Shaping | process of reinforcing a behavior that gets gradually closer to the target. |
| Example of Shaping | making your bed. |
| Successive Approximation | gets closer each time (rewards as they get closer to the behavior). |
| Reinforcement Schedule | how often you are reinforced. |
| Continuous Reinforcement (strong method) | get reinforced every time the desired behavior occurs. |
| Partial Reinforcement | reinforcement only happens intermittently. |
| Partial Reinforcement: Fixed Interval | reinforcement happens after a fixed/set amt. of time, assuming that the desired behavior has happened in that time period. |
| Example of Fixed Interval | assuming that you do your job, you will get a paycheck (they are not literally watching you work at all times!) |
| Partial Reinforcement: Variable Interval | not set; variable (it varies)...it just depends. |
| Example of Variable Interval | study sessions before breaks. |
| Partial Reinforcement: Fixed Ratio | depends on the number of responses. |
| Example of Fixed Ratio | job: stuffing envelopes...get paid for every 1,000 envelopes stuffed. |
| Partial Reinforcement: Variable Ratio | reinforcement is given after a random number of responses. |
| Example of Variable Ratio | slot machines; lottery....(casinos) |
| Which method is prone (most) to extinction? | CONTINUOUS REINFORCEMENT |
| Which method is almost completely resistant to extinction? | VARIABLE RATIO |
| Classical Conditioning | learned association b/w U.S. and C.S.; Organism is passive (learner); response is elicited (drawn out). |
| Operant Conditioning | associate response & reinforcement (aware when learning); organism is active; responses emitted. |
| Classical Conditioning & Operant Conditioning (shared features) | avoidance learning; both have extinction and spontaneous recovery; both have generalization & discrimination. |
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kserrano005
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