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Intro Psych
Chapter 7
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Permanent change in one's mental processes or behavior that is a function of interactions with environment | Learning |
| General process in which repeated or prolonged exposure to a stimulus results in a gradual reduction in responding | Habituation |
| Simple form of learning that occurs when presentation of a stimulus leads to an increased response to later stimulus | Sensitization |
| Neutral stimulus produces a response after being paired with a a stimulus that naturally produces a response, Pavlov's dog | Classical Conditioning |
| Something that reliably produces a naturally occurring reaction in an organism (food) | Unconditioned Stimulus (US) |
| Reflexive reaction that is reliably produced by an US (dog salivating) | Unconditioned Response(UR) |
| Stimulus that is initially neutral; produces a reliable response in an organism (bell) | Conditioned Stimulus (CS) |
| Reaction that resemble in unconditioned response but is produced by a CS (dog salivating) | Conditioned Response (CR) |
| Type of learning whereby a CS is paired with a stimulus that became associated with the US in an earlier procedure | Second-order Conditioning |
| Phase of classical conditioning when the CS & US are presented together | Acquisition |
| Gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the US is no longer present | Extinction |
| Tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period | Spontaneous Recovery |
| Process by which the CR is observed even though CS s slightly different from original in acquisition | Generalization |
| Capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli | Discrimination |
| Principle that behaviors followed by a "satisfying state of affairs" tend to be repeated and those that produce "unpleasant state of affairs" are less likely to be repeated | Law of Effect |
| Type of learning in which the consequences of an organisms behavior determine whether the behavior will be repeated | Operant Conditioning |
| Behavior an organism produces that has some impact on the environment | Operant Behavior |
| Any stimulus or event that increases the likelihood of the behavior that led to it; more effective than punishment in promoting learning | Reinforcer |
| Any stimulus or event that functions to decrease the likelihood of behavior that led to it | Punisher |
| Stimulus is ADMINISTERED that reduces the likelihood of behavior | Positive Punishment |
| Stimulus is REMOVED that decreases the likelihood of a bahavior | Negative Punishment |
| Satisfying biological needs (food, comfort, shelter) | Primary Reinforcers |
| Associated with primary reinforcers through classical conditioning (verbal approval, trophies) | Secondary Reinforcers |
| Learning that results from the reinforcement of successive steps to a final desired behavior | Shaping |
| Rare or odd behaviors may be repeated if they accidentally reinforced, which may lead to mistaken beliefs regarding casual relationships | Superstitious Behavior |
| Conditioning in which learning takes place by watching the actions of others | Observational Learning |
| Learning that takes place largely without awareness | Implicit Learning |
| Spreading out activities with more time between repetition of the to be learned information | Distributed Practice |
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