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APP Unit IV
Modules 16-21 Sensation and Perception
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Sensory Adaption | Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation. Ex: Eyes adjusting to a dark room in order to see |
| Weber's Law | The principle that to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than constant amount) |
| Transduction | Turning energy into neural impulses. Transforming of stimulus energies, such as sight, sounds, and smells into neural impulses our brain can interpret |
| Loudness | Determined by amplitude. Greater the amplitude, louder the sound. Measured by decibels. |
| Kinethesis | Sense of position and movement in body. Provides information through receptors in muscles, tendons, and joint enabling control and coordination. Ex: walking, running, driving, dancing, swimming |
| Rods | Retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision when cones don’t respond |
| Cones | Retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. The cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations |
| Vestibular Sense | The sense of detecting movement and position in relation to gravity and environment. Ex: riding a skateboard |
| Signal Detection Theory | We will detect a weak stimulus not only based on signal’s strength but also our frame of mind Ex: Parents being able to hear their baby's cry when no one else can |
| Fovea | The central focal point in the retina, around which the eye’s cones clusters |
| Selective Attention | At any given moment our attention focuses only on one aspect of the sensation. Can process about 40 stimuli at once. |
| Perceptual Set | Experiences, expectations, and assumptions that shape the way we perceive things |
| Gestalt | Our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaning wholes. Brain assumes and interprets things easily |
| Figure Ground | The organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground) |
| Closure | We fill in gaps to create a complete, whole object. |
| Visual Cliff | A laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals. Used model cliff with drop-off area (covered with sturdy glass) to see if infant had perception of dangerous drop-off and drawback |
| Binocular Cues | Depth cues, such as retinal disparity, that depends on the use of two eyes. Judging distance of nearby objects |
| Retinal Disparity | Retinas receive slightly different images since they are about 2 ½ inches apart. The difference between the image lets our brain compute the relative difference |
| Phi Phenomenon | An illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession |
| Stroboscopic Movement | Brain will perceive continuous motion in a series of rapid, slightly changing images. Need 24 images per second. Those paper flipping animations or like old disney animations/ |
| Relative Height | Objects higher in our field of vision are farther away. |
| Linear Perspective | Parallel Lines seem to converge with distance |
| Relative Clarity | Objects that are hazy must be further away |
| Similarity | Similar objects are perceived to be part of a group |
| Visual Capture | When vision competes with other senses, it usually wins |
| Telepathy | mind to mind communication |
| Bottom-Up (Sensation) | Input of sensory information from external environment is received by our sensory receptors. Sensation |
| Top-Down (Perception) | Perceiving world around us by drawing from what we already know in order to interpret new information. Perception |
| Absolute Threshold | Minimum stimulation necessary to detect a stimulus |
| Difference Threshold | Minimum difference a person can detect in a stimulus 50% of the time |
| Structure of Eye Mnemonic | Cats Purrs Immitate Lion's Roars Cornea, Pupil, Iris, Lens, Retina |
| Wavelength (Vision) | Light wavelength produce sensations of different colors. Hue |
| Amplitude (Vision) | Perception or brightness and light intensity |
| Young-Helmholtz Theory | Trichromatic Theory of color vision. Three cones: blue, green, red |
| Opponent-Process Theory | After leaving receptor cells, image is analyzed in opposite colors. Opposites include red/green, black/white, blue/yellow Some neurons turn “on” by green while others are turned “off” by red |
| Outer Ear Region | Where sound waves are collected in the Pinna, enter, and channels waves through auditory canal to eardrum. |
| Middle Ear Region | The chamber between eardrum and cochlea that contain the ossicles bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrates vibrations from eardrum to cochlea's oval window. |
| Inner Ear Region | The innermost part of ear containing cochlea canals and vestibular sacs. Hair cells inside cochlea triggers and sends impulses to nerve cells (auditory nerves) All sent to thalamas and auditory cortex. Electrical impulse. |
| Wavelength (Hearing) | the distance between successive peaks in a wave motion of a given frequency, such as a sound wave or a wave of electromagnetic radiation |
| Amplitude (Hearing) | the relative strength of sound waves (transmitted vibrations), which we perceive as loudness or volume |
| Place Theory | hear different pitches because different parts of the basilar membrane are activated |
| Frequency Theory | basilar membrane vibrates at same rate as incoming freqeunce |
| Gate Control Theory on Pain | a mechanism, in the spinal cord, in which pain signals can be sent up to the brain to be processed to accentuate the possible perceived pain, or attenuate it at the spinal cord itself |
| 5 Basic Taste | Sweet, Sour, Bitter, Spicy, Umami |
| Principle of Sensory Interaction | The principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste |
| Main 3 ESP | Telepathy, Clairvoyance, Precognition |
| How can ESP be tested? | ESP can be tested, but it usually cannot be determined to work evidently (usually staged or labratory is not the right enviorment) |
| Convergence | You see slightly different images of an object seen by each eye, but when using both eyes, it form a single image. |
| 2 Binocular Cues | Retinal Disparity and Convergence |
| Ear Structure Mnemonic | PAEOOCATT (Pinna, Auditory/Ear Cannal, Eardrum/Tympanic, Ossicles, Oval Window, Cochlea, Thalamas |
| ESP | The controversial claim that perception can occure apart from the sensory input; includes telepathy, clairvoyance and precognition |
| Cornea | Light enters through this transparent protective layer |
| Pupil | Light passes through this opening behind cornea |
| Iris | Gives color to eye and adjusts the amount of light allowed into the eye by reducing or enlarging pupil |
| Lens | Behind the pupil which bends the focuses of light onto the back of the eye |
| Retina | where light is recieved and is in the very back |
| Pinna | Where sound waves are collected outside the ear |
| Ear/Auditory Canal | Where sound travels into the ear |
| Eardrum/Tympanic Membrane | Where sound waves hit and it's vibrations are sent to the ossicles |
| Ossicles | Malleus (Hammer), Incus (Anvil), Stapes (Stirrup) (Mnemonic) The hammer hits the anvil and creates a stirrup |
| Oval Window | Vibrations go through this entrance of the Cochlea |
| Cochlea | Where transduction takes place. Full of liquid. |
| Cicila | Hair cells that move in the cochlea liquid from the vibrations in order to send signals to the auditory nerves which take sound to the brain |
| Bipolar Cells | Signal of light passes through this part of the nerve cell of the retina |
| Ganglion Cells | Visual information is transfered from bipolar cells into this nerve cell of the retina |
| Two Types of Nerve Cells in Retina | Ganglion and Bipolar Cells |
| Ganglion Mnemonic | You need 3 people to have a gang Ganglion Cells are the 3rd step to vision processing |
Created by:
RosRae
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