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Geo ch.9 (2)
Food and Agriculture
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| agribusiness | the system of commercial farming found in developed countries |
| monocropping | the practice of growing the same single crop every year after year |
| winter wheat belt | Kansas, Colorado, and Oklahoma – plant in fall, harvest in summer |
| spring wheat belt | Dakotas, Montana, and southern Saskatchewan in Canada – plant in spring, harvest in late summer |
| wheat | world’s leading export crop |
| horticulture | the growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers |
| commercial (or market) gardening and fruit farming | the predominant type of agriculture in the southeastern United States |
| truck farming | from the Middle English word truck, meaning “barter” or “exchange of commodities” |
| specialty farming | a form of truck farming that has spread to New England – crops with limited but increasing demand |
| ranching | the commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area |
| dairy farm | specializes in the production of milk and other dairy products |
| milkshed | the ring surrounding a city from which milk can be supplied without spoiling |
| mixed crop and livestock | integration of crops and livestock |
| Corn Belt | the most important mixed crop and livestock farming region in the United States—extending from Ohio to the Dakotas, with its center in Iowa |
| Johann Heinrich von Thünen | an estate owner in northern Germany, first proposed the von Thünen model in 1826, in a book titled The Isolated State |
| von Thünen model | a commercial farmer initially considers which crops to cultivate and which animals to raise based on market location. In choosing an enterprise, the farmer compares two costs: the cost of the land and the cost of transporting products to market. |
| 1st ring | market-oriented gardens and milk producers, expensive and perishable, must be delivered quickly |
| 2nd ring | wood lots, where timber was cut for construction and fuel, needs closeness to the market because of its weight |
| 3rd ring | various crops and pasture, rotated from one year to the next |
| 4th ring | devoted exclusively to animal grazing, which requires lots of space |
| Public Law 480, the Agricultural, Trade, and Assistance Act of 1954 | US passed this, sale of grain at low interest rates, grants to needy groups of people |
| cocaine | derived from coca leaf, most of which is grown in Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia |
| opiod | encompasses opiates, which are drugs, such as heroin, derived from the opium poppy plant – also refers to synthetic substances manufactured into pain medicine |
| marijuana | produced from the Cannabis sativa plant |
| desertification | human actions that cause land to deteriorate to a desert-like condition |
| waterlogged land | inadequate drainage in irrigated land can cause underground water level to rise |
| 2nd agricultural revolution | began in the United Kingdom in the seventeenth century, increased productivity through improvement of crop rotation and breeding of livestock |
| Ester Boserup | economist who said population growth influences the distribution of types of subsistence farming |
| forest fallow | farmland left long enough for a forest to grow |
| bush fallow | farmland left long enough for bushes to grow |
| short fallow | farmland left long enough for grasses to grow |
| annual cropping | farmland used every year |
| multi-cropping | farmland used multiple times a year |
| Green Revolution | the invention and rapid diffusion of more productive agricultural techniques during the 1970s and 1980s |
| International Rice Research Institute | developed hybrid rice seed in the 1960s |
| nitrogen | critical element that improves soil fertility: ubiquitous substance, cheapest is from natural gas or petroleum |
| phosphorus | critical element that improves soil fertility: China, Morocco, and the United States |
| potash (potassium) | critical element that improves soil fertility: Canada, Russia, and Ukraine |
| Genetically Modified Organism (GMO | a living organism that possesses a novel combination of genetic material obtained through the use of modern biotechnology |
| Monsanto | creator of seeds resistant to weed killer (roundup ready), created Roundup |
| organic agriculture | farming that depends on the use of naturally occurring substances while prohibiting or strictly limiting synthetic substances, such as herbicides, pesticides, and growth hormones |
| herbicides | a chemical to control unwanted plants |
| pesticides | a substance to control pests, including weeds |
| conservation tillage | a method of soil cultivation that reduces soil erosion and runoff |
| no tillage | leaves all of the soil undisturbed |
| ridge tillage | a system of planting crops on ridge tops |
| surface water | water that travels or gathers on the ground, such as in rivers, streams, and lakes |
| groundwater | water that is pumped out from the ground |
Created by:
imr36093
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