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Geo ch.9
Food and Agriculture
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| dietary energy consumption | the amount of food that an individual consumes |
| kilocalorie | the unit of measurement of dietary energy in the US |
| food security | physical, social, and economic access at all times to safe and nutritious food sufficient to meet dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life |
| undernourishment | dietary energy consumption that is continuously below that needed for a healthy life and carrying out light physical activity |
| cereal grain | a grass that yields grain for food |
| grain | the seed from a cereal grass |
| 3 leading grains | wheat, maize, and corn |
| protein | a nutrient needed for growth and maintenance of the human body |
| agriculture | the deliberate modification of Earth’s surface through cultivation of plants and rearing of animals to obtain sustenance or economic gain |
| crop | any plant cultivated by people |
| Agricultural Revolution | the process that began when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering - around 8000 BCE |
| Colombian Exchange | the transfer of plants and animals, as well as people, culture, and technology, between the Western Hemisphere and Europe, as a result of European colonialization and trade |
| subsistence agriculture | the production of food primarily for consumption by the farmer’s family |
| commercial agriculture | the production of cash crops primarily for sale off the farm |
| cash crop | a crop that is grown for sale, rather than for the farmer’s own use |
| Derwent Whittlesey | geographer who created a map of world agricultural regions in 1936 |
| intensive subsistence agriculture | the form of subsistence agriculture that feeds most of the people in developing countries |
| double cropping | obtaining two harvests per year from one field |
| crop rotation | the practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil |
| wet rice | rice planted on dry land in a nursery and then moved as seedlings to a flooded field to promote growth |
| sawah | name for a flooded field in Indonesia |
| paddy | what a flooded field is increasingly referred to, which is the Malay word for wet rice |
| shifting cultivation | a form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift frequently from one field to another |
| slash-and-burn | farmers clear land for planting by slashing vegetation and burning the debris |
| frequent relocation | farmers grow crops on a cleared field for only a few years, until soil nutrients are depleted, and then leave it fallow (with nothing planted) for many years so the soil can recover |
| pastoral nomadism | a form of subsistence agriculture based on the herding of domesticated animals in dry climates, where planting crops is impossible |
| cattle | dry lands of East Africa – feed on scrub and grasses – high milk yield |
| camels | arid climates – go long periods without water, carry heavy baggage, and move rapidly |
| goats | need more water than camels – tough and agile – can survive on virtually any vegetation |
| sheep | slow moving – affected by climactic changes – require more water and are more selective about food |
| transhumance | seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pasture areas |
| plantation | a large commercial farm in a developing country that specializes in one or two crops |
| fishing | the capture of wild fish and other seafood living in the waters |
| aquaculture/aquafarming | the cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions |
| overfishing | capturing fish faster than they can reproduce |
Created by:
imr36093
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