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memory
psychology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| memory | the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information |
| recall | a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test |
| recognition | a measure of memory in which the person identifies items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test |
| relearning | a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again |
| encoding | the process of getting information into the memory system - for example, by extracting meaning |
| storage | the process of retaining encoded information over time |
| retrieval | the process of getting information out of memory storage |
| parallel processing | processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions |
| sensory memory | the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system |
| short term memory | activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as digits of a phone number while calling, before the information is stored or forgotten |
| long term memory | the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences |
| working memory | a newer understanding of short-term memory that adds conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory |
| explicit memory | retention of facts and experiences that one can consciously know ad "declare" |
| effortful processing | encoding that requires attention and conscious effort |
| automatic processing | unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings |
| implicit memory | retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection |
| iconic memory | a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second |
| echoic memory | a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds |
| chunking | organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically |
| mnemonics | mnemonics |
| spacing effect | the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice |
| testing effect | enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information. Also sometimes referred to as retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning |
Created by:
lucyballanti
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