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What are the 3 processes we described that drive natural selection?
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What is the difference between macro and micro evolution?
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Biology Exam 3

QuestionAnswer
What are the 3 processes we described that drive natural selection? Survival, reproduction, mate choice
What is the difference between macro and micro evolution? Micro within the same species, macro change of one species to another species. Micro are small changes in short amount of time, macro are big changes over longer time scale.
Are most mutations silent or loud? Mostly silent. Do not have a huge effect, but provides genetic diversity.
Define selection pressure. A limiting factor that determines which organisms survive or die.
What is a niche? The roll an organism plays in a community.
What is a limiting factor for population growth? Available space, food supply, predators, presence of other species
What’s the difference between analogous and homologous structures? Give an example of each. Analogous - body parts that look similar, but have different evolutionary origins (Butterfly wings vs bird wings) Homologous - similar body parts that have similar evolutionary origins (arms of humans, cats and birds)
Name 1 type of species -species interaction. Give an example. Predation - Animal: lion preying on, killing, eating gazelle Competition - Plants: taller tree casting shadow on smaller plant and not allowing sunlight to it Mutualism - both benefit (Bison with birds eating bugs off it, flowers and bees)
Types of interactions. Predation(one kills and eats, other dies), competition(fight over same resource), mutualism(both benefit), parasitism(one benefits, other is hurt), commensalism (one benefits, other unaffected)
What is an example of reproductive isolation? When two species cannot interbreed, even if they live in the same area. (Season of breeding, habitat preferences, mechanical differences, hybrid sterility)
When the environment changes, does this trigger new mutations to occur that help the species survive? No - mutations are completely random and the allele must already be present.
Where must a mutation occur for it to be passed on to the next generation? Gamete cells
If a variety of finch beak sizes exist on an island and a drought hit that left only hard woody seeds, what could happen to a finch beak size? Beaks would increase in size in that population, not because of mutation but because the allele already existed on the island. Larger beaks would survive and reproduce.
If a female species A has a gamete (egg) that is coated in a substance that the male species B (sperm) does not have the enzyme ability to breakthrough; is this a form of reproductive isolation? Yes - Biochemical
Name 1 key type of community/biome on Earth, as described in your textbook. What are the key weather patterns, types of plants and animals, and example locations? Tundra - cold, low precipitation Polar bears Grasses and tall flowers The arctic circle Desert - hot, can be cold, low precipitation Specialized animals and plants for dry conditions Sahara, Arizona, Mohabi
How can humans effect their landscape? Building, pollution, agriculture, introducing invasive species, fragment habitats, act as new predators
A chick pecks at its mothers beak. When the chick hits the target spot, the mother bird regurgitates food. Are these behaviors learned or instinctive? Instinctive
What is it called when you project human emotion onto animals? Anthropomorphism
A duck hatches and sees a dog instead of a mother duck. The duckling follows the dog around instead of other adult ducks. What kind of learned behavior happened? Imprinting
Two species living together, no matter if positive or negative for either, is called what? Symbiosis
A cat owner opens a can of smelly cat food every day for the cat’s breakfast. When cooking themselves dinner, the cat owner opens a can of corn; and the cat comes running and meowing. What kind of learned behavior is this? Conditioning
What’s the difference between convergent and divergent evolution? Examples? Convergent - two entirely different species that come together on the same trait (elephant and foxes with large ears that help with same thing, but do not share ancestry) Divergent - the same species started with similar traits, but go separate ways.
Are all genes passed from generation to generation beneficial for the next generation? If not, why do non-beneficial or even harmful genes get passed to the next generation? No - Not all genes are beneficial. Passed because you are an entire package of genes and if the good outweighs the bad, then bad goes with the good.
Why is genetic diversity important for natural selection? Drives natural selection. Have to have the alleles in order to act on alleles.
What is the difference between instinctive and learned behaviors? Instinctive - biological, no instructions needed Learned - kinesthetic, instruction needed
Why is insight different from other learned behaviors? Response to an entirely new stimulus. Brand new, no previous experience with stimulus.
We discussed about 6 different categories of behavior: communication, reproduction, territorial, dominance heirarchy, migration/navigation, and altruism/cultural. Choose one to define and give example. Communication - sending info from one side to the next side Reproduction - Territorial - Dominance Heirarchy - Migration/Navigation - Altruism/Cultural -
What is succession? An order in which a community starts over and progresses form there. Community does not have to start from zero. Natural disaster could start succession.
What does it mean when a population reaches carrying capacity? The maximum amount of biomass or species.
What is the difference between K-strategists and r-strategists? (K also known as the carrying capacity.) K-strategists - large organisms with long lifespan, produce small amount of offspring R-strategists - small organisms with short lifespan, produce a lot of offspring
What is the definition of an introduced species? A species that is new and not native to a habitat. Could have been brought by people. Intentional or unintentional. Not always a problem for the ecosystem.
What characteristics of a population can biologists look at to gain knowledge about how that population might grow? Sex ratio, reproductive age
________ structures are found in different organisms, and the structures have very different evolutionary origins (a limb vs. an exoskeleton extension). Analogous
When an environmental change occurs, new mutations are triggered to occur that will help the species to survive. False
An elephant lives at Disney's Animal Kingdom, where many safari trucks with tourists drive past every day. A wild elephant would charge these trucks. The captive elephant ignores these trucks, the tourists, and the noises of the nearby theme park. Operant Conditioning
What are examples of reproductive isolation? Seasonal timing of reproduction, different mating dances, mechanical mating differences, hybrid sterility
If a variety of finch beak sizes exist on an island and a drought hit that left only large, woody seeds; what scenario would most likely happen to finch beaks? Average beak size will increase
If a female species A has a gamete (egg) that is coated in a substance that a male species of B gamete (sperm) does not have the enzyme ability to breakthrough; is this a form of reproductive isolation? If so, what form? Yes; biochemical isolating mechanism
A species that is not native to a habitat, yet has been brought into that habitat by humans means and is now established in that new habitat is known to be ________. Introduced
Why is insight different from other learned behaviors? Insight is a response to a brand new stimulus that the organism has no previous experience with.
Animals with a(n) ______ interact with only a few species, occur in only a few environments, and/or are vulnerable to environmental changes. narrow niche
What are the six different categories of behavior we discussed? Communication, Reproduction, Territorial, Dominance Hierarchy, Migration/Navigation, and Altruism.Cultural
Name 3 communities/biomes on Earth. Temperate Deciduous Forest, Temperate Grassland, Temperate Raionforest
Why is genetic diversity important for natural selection to occur? Genetic diversity drives natural selection because the alleles have to be present in order for natural selection to occur.
What can reset succession completely to zero? Grazing by goats, a clear cut of only one species of trees, a small fire, a volcano
A cat owner opens a cat of smelly cat food every day for the cat's breakfast. When cooking themselves dinner, the cat owner opens a can of corn; and the cat comes running and meowing. What kind of learned behavior of the cat is this illustrating? Conditioning
_______ structures are found in different organisms, but have the same evolutionary origin (a limb vs. a limb). Homologous
All genes passed form generation to generation are only beneficial for the next generation. False
Most mutations passed from generation to generation are _____. Silent
Animals that are _____ often live short lives, produce many offspring, and invest minimally in those offspring. r-strategists
What is an example of a resource that could gain or lose immediately through direct community interactions? Food, water access, resting space
Some introduced species do not have catastrophic impacts on the locations they invade. True
A(n) ______ pressure is a limiting factor that "pushes" an organism to either survive and reproduce or die without reproducing. Selective Pressure
A young grizzly bear sits on the shoreline watching other grizzly bears fish for salmon in the river. The youngster sees an older grizzly bear catch a fish while balancing on a rock. When older bear leaves with fish, youngster balances on same rock. Imitation
What are characteristics that biologists look at in a population to gain knowledge about how that population might grow? Sex ratio, age, reproductive potential, mortality rate
What is it called when you project human emotions onto animals? Anthropomorphism
What species were introduced by humans to the continental U.S.? Kudzu, Ring-necked pheasants, housecats
______ is when two species live their lives together, no matter if is positive or negative for either. Symbiosis
A duck hatches and sees a pig instead of a mother duck. The duckling follows the pig around instead of other adult ducks. What kind of learned behavior is this modeling? Imprinting
______ evolution occurs when closely related species develop two different variations of the same trait. Divergent
What drives natural selection? Differential reproduction rates, differential monocyclic inheritance, differential survival, differential mate choice
Macroevolution describes the changing of a species over a(n) ____. long length of time
In the study in the Your Inner Monkey video that tested offspring object permanence abilities, who was most successful? C1, the monkey
Instinctive behaviors are inflexible and can be complex. True
When a habitat can no longer accommodate the addition of any more individuals of a species or a biomass, it is said that it has reached its _______. carrying capacity
________ selection selects against the average (middle) trait and selects for both of the most extreme versions of the trait. Directional
Microevolution describes the changing of a species over a(n) _________. short length of time
A species' role in its habitat is known as the species' _______. Niche
______ evolution occurs when very distantly related species develop the same variant of the same trait that their shared ancestor didn't have. Convergent
A chick pecks at its mother's beak. When the chick hits the target spot, the mother bird regurgitates food. What can this be identified as, in biology? An instinctive behavior
Animals that are _____ often live long lives, produce only a few offspring, and invest heavily in those offspring. K-strategists
Survival of the _____ refers to the abilities of individuals with certain combinations of traits to be more able to survive and reproduce. fittest
The order and process of a landscape transitioning form a barren, destroyed, or "released" area towards a climax community is known as ________. Succession
Where must a mutation occur for it to be passed on to the next generation? In the gamete cells.
Created by: taylor.grohol
 

 



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