Biology Exam 3
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| What are the 3 processes we described that drive natural selection? | Survival, reproduction, mate choice
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| What is the difference between macro and micro evolution? | Micro within the same species, macro change of one species to another species. Micro are small changes in short amount of time, macro are big changes over longer time scale.
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| Are most mutations silent or loud? | Mostly silent. Do not have a huge effect, but provides genetic diversity.
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| Define selection pressure. | A limiting factor that determines which organisms survive or die.
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| What is a niche? | The roll an organism plays in a community.
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| What is a limiting factor for population growth? | Available space, food supply, predators, presence of other species
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| What’s the difference between analogous and homologous structures? Give an example of each. | Analogous - body parts that look similar, but have different evolutionary origins (Butterfly wings vs bird wings)
Homologous - similar body parts that have similar evolutionary origins (arms of humans, cats and birds)
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| Name 1 type of species -species interaction. Give an example. | Predation -
Animal: lion preying on, killing, eating gazelle
Competition -
Plants: taller tree casting shadow on smaller plant and not allowing sunlight to it
Mutualism - both benefit (Bison with birds eating bugs off it, flowers and bees)
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| Types of interactions. | Predation(one kills and eats, other dies), competition(fight over same resource), mutualism(both benefit), parasitism(one benefits, other is hurt), commensalism (one benefits, other unaffected)
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| What is an example of reproductive isolation? | When two species cannot interbreed, even if they live in the same area. (Season of breeding, habitat preferences, mechanical differences, hybrid sterility)
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| When the environment changes, does this trigger new mutations to occur that help the species survive? | No - mutations are completely random and the allele must already be present.
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| Where must a mutation occur for it to be passed on to the next generation? | Gamete cells
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| If a variety of finch beak sizes exist on an island and a drought hit that left only hard woody seeds, what could happen to a finch beak size? | Beaks would increase in size in that population, not because of mutation but because the allele already existed on the island. Larger beaks would survive and reproduce.
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| If a female species A has a gamete (egg) that is coated in a substance that the male species B (sperm) does not have the enzyme ability to breakthrough; is this a form of reproductive isolation? | Yes - Biochemical
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| Name 1 key type of community/biome on Earth, as described in your textbook. What are the key weather patterns, types of plants and animals, and example locations? | Tundra - cold, low precipitation
Polar bears
Grasses and tall flowers
The arctic circle
Desert - hot, can be cold, low precipitation
Specialized animals and plants for dry conditions
Sahara, Arizona, Mohabi
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| How can humans effect their landscape? | Building, pollution, agriculture, introducing invasive species, fragment habitats, act as new predators
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| A chick pecks at its mothers beak. When the chick hits the target spot, the mother bird regurgitates food. Are these behaviors learned or instinctive? | Instinctive
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| What is it called when you project human emotion onto animals? | Anthropomorphism
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| A duck hatches and sees a dog instead of a mother duck. The duckling follows the dog around instead of other adult ducks. What kind of learned behavior happened? | Imprinting
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| Two species living together, no matter if positive or negative for either, is called what? | Symbiosis
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| A cat owner opens a can of smelly cat food every day for the cat’s breakfast. When cooking themselves dinner, the cat owner opens a can of corn; and the cat comes running and meowing. What kind of learned behavior is this? | Conditioning
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| What’s the difference between convergent and divergent evolution? Examples? | Convergent - two entirely different species that come together on the same trait (elephant and foxes with large ears that help with same thing, but do not share ancestry)
Divergent - the same species started with similar traits, but go separate ways.
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| Are all genes passed from generation to generation beneficial for the next generation? If not, why do non-beneficial or even harmful genes get passed to the next generation? | No - Not all genes are beneficial. Passed because you are an entire package of genes and if the good outweighs the bad, then bad goes with the good.
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| Why is genetic diversity important for natural selection? | Drives natural selection. Have to have the alleles in order to act on alleles.
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| What is the difference between instinctive and learned behaviors? | Instinctive - biological, no instructions needed
Learned - kinesthetic, instruction needed
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| Why is insight different from other learned behaviors? | Response to an entirely new stimulus. Brand new, no previous experience with stimulus.
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| We discussed about 6 different categories of behavior: communication, reproduction, territorial, dominance heirarchy, migration/navigation, and altruism/cultural. Choose one to define and give example. | Communication - sending info from one side to the next side
Reproduction -
Territorial -
Dominance Heirarchy -
Migration/Navigation -
Altruism/Cultural -
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| What is succession? | An order in which a community starts over and progresses form there. Community does not have to start from zero. Natural disaster could start succession.
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| What does it mean when a population reaches carrying capacity? | The maximum amount of biomass or species.
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| What is the difference between K-strategists and r-strategists? (K also known as the carrying capacity.) | K-strategists - large organisms with long lifespan, produce small amount of offspring
R-strategists - small organisms with short lifespan, produce a lot of offspring
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| What is the definition of an introduced species? | A species that is new and not native to a habitat. Could have been brought by people. Intentional or unintentional. Not always a problem for the ecosystem.
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| What characteristics of a population can biologists look at to gain knowledge about how that population might grow? | Sex ratio, reproductive age
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| ________ structures are found in different organisms, and the structures have very different evolutionary origins (a limb vs. an exoskeleton extension). | Analogous
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| When an environmental change occurs, new mutations are triggered to occur that will help the species to survive. | False
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| An elephant lives at Disney's Animal Kingdom, where many safari trucks with tourists drive past every day. A wild elephant would charge these trucks. The captive elephant ignores these trucks, the tourists, and the noises of the nearby theme park. | Operant Conditioning
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| What are examples of reproductive isolation? | Seasonal timing of reproduction, different mating dances, mechanical mating differences, hybrid sterility
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| If a variety of finch beak sizes exist on an island and a drought hit that left only large, woody seeds; what scenario would most likely happen to finch beaks? | Average beak size will increase
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| If a female species A has a gamete (egg) that is coated in a substance that a male species of B gamete (sperm) does not have the enzyme ability to breakthrough; is this a form of reproductive isolation? If so, what form? | Yes; biochemical isolating mechanism
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| A species that is not native to a habitat, yet has been brought into that habitat by humans means and is now established in that new habitat is known to be ________. | Introduced
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| Why is insight different from other learned behaviors? | Insight is a response to a brand new stimulus that the organism has no previous experience with.
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| Animals with a(n) ______ interact with only a few species, occur in only a few environments, and/or are vulnerable to environmental changes. | narrow niche
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| What are the six different categories of behavior we discussed? | Communication, Reproduction, Territorial, Dominance Hierarchy, Migration/Navigation, and Altruism.Cultural
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| Name 3 communities/biomes on Earth. | Temperate Deciduous Forest, Temperate Grassland, Temperate Raionforest
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| Why is genetic diversity important for natural selection to occur? | Genetic diversity drives natural selection because the alleles have to be present in order for natural selection to occur.
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| What can reset succession completely to zero? | Grazing by goats, a clear cut of only one species of trees, a small fire, a volcano
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| A cat owner opens a cat of smelly cat food every day for the cat's breakfast. When cooking themselves dinner, the cat owner opens a can of corn; and the cat comes running and meowing. What kind of learned behavior of the cat is this illustrating? | Conditioning
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| _______ structures are found in different organisms, but have the same evolutionary origin (a limb vs. a limb). | Homologous
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| All genes passed form generation to generation are only beneficial for the next generation. | False
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| Most mutations passed from generation to generation are _____. | Silent
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| Animals that are _____ often live short lives, produce many offspring, and invest minimally in those offspring. | r-strategists
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| What is an example of a resource that could gain or lose immediately through direct community interactions? | Food, water access, resting space
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| Some introduced species do not have catastrophic impacts on the locations they invade. | True
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| A(n) ______ pressure is a limiting factor that "pushes" an organism to either survive and reproduce or die without reproducing. | Selective Pressure
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| A young grizzly bear sits on the shoreline watching other grizzly bears fish for salmon in the river. The youngster sees an older grizzly bear catch a fish while balancing on a rock. When older bear leaves with fish, youngster balances on same rock. | Imitation
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| What are characteristics that biologists look at in a population to gain knowledge about how that population might grow? | Sex ratio, age, reproductive potential, mortality rate
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| What is it called when you project human emotions onto animals? | Anthropomorphism
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| What species were introduced by humans to the continental U.S.? | Kudzu, Ring-necked pheasants, housecats
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| ______ is when two species live their lives together, no matter if is positive or negative for either. | Symbiosis
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| A duck hatches and sees a pig instead of a mother duck. The duckling follows the pig around instead of other adult ducks. What kind of learned behavior is this modeling? | Imprinting
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| ______ evolution occurs when closely related species develop two different variations of the same trait. | Divergent
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| What drives natural selection? | Differential reproduction rates, differential monocyclic inheritance, differential survival, differential mate choice
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| Macroevolution describes the changing of a species over a(n) ____. | long length of time
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| In the study in the Your Inner Monkey video that tested offspring object permanence abilities, who was most successful? | C1, the monkey
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| Instinctive behaviors are inflexible and can be complex. | True
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| When a habitat can no longer accommodate the addition of any more individuals of a species or a biomass, it is said that it has reached its _______. | carrying capacity
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| ________ selection selects against the average (middle) trait and selects for both of the most extreme versions of the trait. | Directional
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| Microevolution describes the changing of a species over a(n) _________. | short length of time
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| A species' role in its habitat is known as the species' _______. | Niche
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| ______ evolution occurs when very distantly related species develop the same variant of the same trait that their shared ancestor didn't have. | Convergent
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| A chick pecks at its mother's beak. When the chick hits the target spot, the mother bird regurgitates food. What can this be identified as, in biology? | An instinctive behavior
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| Animals that are _____ often live long lives, produce only a few offspring, and invest heavily in those offspring. | K-strategists
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| Survival of the _____ refers to the abilities of individuals with certain combinations of traits to be more able to survive and reproduce. | fittest
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| The order and process of a landscape transitioning form a barren, destroyed, or "released" area towards a climax community is known as ________. | Succession
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| Where must a mutation occur for it to be passed on to the next generation? | In the gamete cells.
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