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PYSC - Unit 2
unit two study set for exam
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| health psychology | branch of psychology that studies how biological, behavior, and social factors influence health, illness, medical treatment, and health-related factors |
| stress | a negative state occurring in response to events that are perceived as exceeding a person's resources or ability to cope |
| stressors | events or situations that are perceived as harmful, threatening, or challenging and thus trigger a stress response |
| stress appraisal | whether we experience stress depends on our cognitive appraisal of the event and resources we have to deal with it |
| rapid chain of internal physical reactions | fight or flight response |
| tend and befriend response | humans, particularly females, often respond to stress by tending to young ones and by seeking connection or befriending one another |
| general adaption syndrome (GAS) | alarm, resistance, exhaustion |
| alarm (GAS) | catecholamines released by adrenal medulla, intense arousal, body mobilizes internal physical resources to meet the demands of the stress-producing event |
| resistance (GAS) | body tries to adapt to continuing stressful situation, physiological arousal lessens, remains higher than normal, stress response system is already taxed, so resistance to new stressors is impaired |
| exhaustion (GAS) | if stress-producing event persists, symptoms of the alarm stage reappear--but now irreversibly, body's energy reserves become depleted and adaptation begins to break down--leads to physical disorders, potentially death |
| traumatic events | an event that poses a threat of serious injury or death to oneself or others, and elicits feelings of intense fear, helplessness, or horror |
| Type A behavior pattern | a behavioral and emotional style characterized by a sense of time urgency, hostility, and competitiveness |
| Type B behavior pattern | more relaxed and laid back personality style |
| effects of anger on individuals' health | increased anxiety, high blood pressure, headache |
| effects of stress hormones on immune system | higher risk of heart attacks / strokes, represses immune system, represses, digestive system |
| Freud's defense mechanisms | largely unconscious distortions of thoughts or perceptions that act to reduce anxiety |
| repression | the unconscious exclusion of anxiety-provoking thoughts, feelings, and memories from conscious awareness |
| displacement | the defense mechanism that involves unconsciously shifting the target of an emotional urge to a substitute target that is less threatening or dangerous |
| sublimation | a form of displacement in which sexual urges are rechanneled into productive, nonsexual activities |
| rationalization | justifying one's actions or feelings with socially acceptable explanations rather than consciously acknowledging one's true motives or desires |
| projection | the attribution of one's own unacceptable urges or qualities to others |
| reaction formation | thinking or behaving in a way that is the extreme opposite of unacceptable urges or impulses |
| denial | the failure to recognize or acknowledge the existence of anxiety-provoking information |
| regression | retreating to a behavior pattern characteristic of an earlier stage of development |
| psychoneuroimmunology | the scientific study of the connections among psychological processes (the nervous system and the immune system) |
| emotion-focused coping | coping efforts primarily aimed at relieving or regulating the emotional impact of a stressful situation |
| problem-focused coping | coping efforts primarily aimed at directly changing or managing a threatening or harmful stressor |
| effects of hostility on heart disease | exacerbates the symptoms of heart disease |
| social support | coping strategy that involves turning to friends, relatives, and other people for emotional, tangible, or informational support |
| Seligman's concept of explanatory style | how people explain their failures and defeats makes a difference in how stress affects them (optimistic vs pessimistic) |
| personality | an individual's unique and relatively consistent patterns of thinking, feelings, and behaving |
| Freud's levels of consciousness | conscious, preconscious, unconscious |
| conscious | all the thoughts, feelings, and sensations, that you're aware of at this particular moment |
| preconscious | contains information that you're not currently aware of but can easily bring to conscious awareness (memories of recent events, street address, etc) |
| unconscious | describes thoughts, feelings, wishes, and drives that are operating below the level of conscious awareness |
| free association | a psychoanalytic technique in which the patient spontaneously reports all thoughts, feelings, and mental images that arise, revealing unconscious thoughts and emotions |
| Freud's structures of personality | id, ego, superego |
| id | the completely unconscious irrational component of personality that seeks immediate satisfaction of instinctual urges and drives |
| pleasure principle | the fundamental human motive to obtain pleasure and avoid tension or discomfort |
| ego | the partly conscious rational component of personality that regulates thoughts and behavior and is the most in touch with the demands of the external world |
| reality principle | the capacity to postpone gratification until the appropriate time or circumstances exist in the external world |
| superego | the partly conscious, self-evaluative, moralistic component of personality that is formed through the internalization of parental and societal values |
| resilience | ability to cope mentally or emotionally with a crisis or return to pre-crisis status quickly |
| tai chi | a chinese martial art that lowers stress by regulating emotions, diverting thoughts, slow motions helps to calm down |
| Freud's stages of psychosexual development | each stage is a different focus of the id's sexual energies as a human grows up, can result in a fixation if conflict if not resolved |
| fixation | failure to develop normally through a particular developmental stage |
| 1st psychosexual stage | oral |
| oral stage | age: birth-1, conflict: weaning |
| 2nd psychosexual stage | anal |
| anal stage | age: 1-3, conflict: toilet training |
| 3rd psychosexual stage | phallic |
| phallic stage | age: 3-6, oedipus complex, electra complex, castration anxiety, penis evy |
| oedipus complex | theory of a child's unconscious sexual desire for the opposite sex parent, usually accompanied by hostile feelings toward the same sex parent |
| electra complex | a term to describe the female version of the oedipus complex |
| penis envy | little girls are envious of the fact that boys have a penis once they find out this information |
| castration anxiety | a little boy's fear that his father will find out about his feelings for his mother and castrate him |
| latency stage | age: 7-11, sexual impulses become repressed and dormant |
| genital stage | age: adolescence, conflict: moral ideals and societal restriction, identity formation, genitals become focus of pleasurable sensations as personal reaches physical sexual maturity |
| 4th psychosexual stage | latency stage |
| 5th psychosexual stage | genital stage |
| Jung's Collective unconscious | the hypothesized part of the unconscious mind that is inherited from pervious generations and that contains universally shared ancestral experiences and ideas |
| humanistic perspective of personality | the theoretical viewpoint on personality that generally emphasizes the inherent goodness of people, human potential, self-actualization, the self-concept, & the healthy personality development. |
| Adler's superiority complex | the desire to improve oneself, master challenges, and move toward self-perfection and self-realization |
| Adler's inferiority complex | a general sense of inadequacy, weakness, and helplessness |
| Horney's womb envy | disagrees with Freud's idea of penis envy; rather, believes that men are jealous of women's ability to carry and birth a child |
| Roger's conditional regard | the sense that the child is valued and loved only when they behave in a way that is acceptable to others |
| Roger's unconditional regard | the sense that the child will be valued and loved even if they don't conform to the standards and expectations of others |
| Bandura's social cognitive theory | emphasizes the importance of conscious cognitive processes, social experiences, self-efficacy beliefs, and reciprocal determinism |
| Bandura's reciprocal determinism | model that explains human functioning and personality as caused by the interaction of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors |
| Bandura's self-efficacy | the beliefs that people have about their ability to meet the demands of a specific situation, feelings of self-confidence |
| Jung's anima | a man's feminine side |
| Jung's animus | a woman's masculine side |
| Jung's archetypes | the basic units of the collective unconscious; function as psyche instincts that redispose us to experience the world in a universal human way |
| humanistic theorists | Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers |
Created by:
Merlie_k
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