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Social Psych test 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Natural Selection | the evolutionary process by which heritable traits that best enable organisms to survive and reproduce in particular environments are passed to ensuing generations |
| evolutionary psychology | the study of the evolution of cognition and behavior using principles of natural selection |
| sex | the two biological categories of male and female |
| gender | in psychology, the characteristics, whether biologically or socially influenced, that we associate with males and females |
| transgender | someone whose psychological sense of being male or female differs from their birth sex |
| testosterone | a hormone more prevalent in males than females which is linked to dominance and aggression |
| androgynous | from andro(man) + gyn(woman)- thus mixing both masculine and feminine characteristics |
| culture | the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next |
| epigenetics | the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without DNA change |
| norms | standards for accepted and expected behavior, they describe "proper" behavior or what most others do |
| personal space | the buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies, its size depends on our culture and our familiarity with whoever is near us |
| gender role | a set of behavior expectations (norms) for males and females |
| empathy | the vicarious experience of another's feelings, putting oneself in another's shoes |
| aggression | physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone, in lab experiments this may mean giving electric shocks or saying something likely to hurt another's feelings |
| interaction | a relationship in which the effect of one factor (such as biology) depends on another factor (such as environment) |
| conformity | a change in behavior or belief as a result of real or imagined group pressure |
| acceptance | conformity that involves both acting and believing in accord with social pressure |
| compliance | conformity that involves publicly acting in accord with an implied or explicit request while privately disagreeing |
| obedience | a type of compliance involving acting in accord with a direct order or command |
| autokinetic phenomenon | self motion, the apparent movement of a stationary point of light in the dark |
| mass hysteria | suggestibility to problems that spreads throughout a large group of people |
| cohesiveness | a "we feeling", the extent to which members of a group are bound together, such as by attraction to one another |
| normative influence | conformity based on a person's desire to fulfill others' expectation, often to gain acceptance |
| informational influence | conformity occurring when people accept evidence about reality provided by other people |
| reactance | a motive to protect or restore one's sense of freedom, it arises when someone threatens our freedom of action |
| persuasion | the process by which a message induces change in beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors |
| central route to persuasion | occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts |
| peripheral route to persuasion | occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness |
| credibility | believability, perceived as both expert and trustworthy |
| sleeper effect | a delayed impact of a message that occurs when an initially discounted message becomes effective, such as we remember the message but forget the reason we discounted it |
| attractiveness | having qualities that appeal to an audience, an appealing communicator (often someone similar to the audience) is most persuasive on matters of subjective preference |
| foot-in-the-door phenomenon | the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to later comply with a larger request |
| lowball technique | a tactic for getting people to agree with something, people who agree to an initial request will often still comply when the requester ups the ante, people who receive only the costly request are less likely to comply with it |
| door-in-the-face technique | a strategy for gaining a concession, after someone first turns down a large request the same requester counteroffers with a more reasonable request |
| primacy effect | other things being equal, information presented first usually has the most influence |
| recency effect | information presented last sometimes has the most influence if more time is present between the first and last pieces of information, less common than the primacy effect |
| channel of communication | the way the message is delivered whether face-to-face, in writing, on film, or in some other way |
| two-step flow of communication | the process by which media influence often occurs through opinion leaders, who in turn influence others |
| need for cognition | the motivation to think and analyze, assessed by agreements with items such as "the notion of thinking abstractly is appealing to me" and disagreement with items such as "I only think as hard as I have to" |
| attitude inoculation | exposing people to weak attacks upon their attitudes so that when stronger attacks come they will have refutations available |
| counterarguments | reasons why a persuasive message might be wrong |
| evaluation apprehension | concern for how others are evaluating us |
| social loafing | the tendency for people to exert less effort when they pool their efforts toward a common goal than when they are individually accountable |
| free riders | people who benefit from the group but give little in return |
| deindividuation | loss of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension, occurs in group situations that foster responsiveness to good or bad group norms |
| self-awareness | a self-conscious state in which attention focuses on oneself, it makes people more sensitive to their own attitudes and dispositions |
| group polarization | group-produced enhancement of members' preexisting tendencies, a strengthening of the members' average tendency instead of a split within the group |
| social comparison | evaluating one's opinions and abilities by comparing oneself with others |
| pluralistic ignorance | a false impression of what most other people are thinking or feeling or how they are responding |
| groupthink | the mode of thinking that people engage in when concurrence-seeking becomes so dominant in a cohesive in-group that it tends to override realistic appraisal of alternative courses of action |
| leadership | the process by which certain group members motivate and guide the group |
| task leadership | leadership that organizes work, sets standards, and focuses on goals |
| social leadership | leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support |
| 5 universal demonstrations of social beliefs | cynicism, social complexity, reward for application, spirituality, fate control |
Created by:
WrenSO
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