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PSYC 125 Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| "where" stream spatial location, topographical orientation, planning and coordination of movement | dorsal stream |
| neglect, apraxia, left-right discrimination problems poor angular judgements, poor coordination of movement in space, visuoconstruction deficits, unilateral neglect, topographic disorientation | dorsal stream deficits |
| "what" stream object recognition, matches visual shape to internal representation | ventral stream |
| visual agnosia | ventral stream deficits |
| failure to recognize previously familiar stimuli, modality-specific, not due to dementia/aphasia/unfamiliarity, may be limited to particular classes of stimuli | agnosia |
| inability to recognize familiar faces | prosopagnosia |
| inability to recognize sounds of common objects | auditory sound agnosia |
| inability to recognize familiar people by their voices | phonagnosia |
| inability to recognize what's placed in one hand | tactile agnosia |
| inability to recognize what's placed in both hands (bilateral impairment) | astereognosis |
| apperceptive agnosia and associative agnosia | Lissauer's stage model types of agnosia |
| inability to recognize or name objects, cannot copy unrecognized objects, strong evidence for sensory-perceptual disturbance | apperceptive agnosia |
| inability to recognize or name objects, generally can copy unrecognized objects, sensory-perceptual disturbance cannot explain defect | associative agnosia |
| failure of perception to contact memory or language, impairment/degradation of stored representation | explanations of agnosia |
| object agnosia, visual memory loss, superior visual field defects, achromatopsia, topographical agnosia | frequent co-existing signs to agnosia |
| extent of damage determines presence of apperceptive defect | lesion profile in prosopagnosia |
| discriminate age, gender, recognize emotions, recognize faces as such, match faces, show 'indirect' knowledge about faces | spared abilities in prosopagnosia |
| identify individuals, describe the owner of the face, feel familiarity viewing faces | impaired abilities in prosopagnosia |
| processes auditory info, tonotopic organization, Heschl's gyrus | primary auditory cortex |
| adds meaning (language) to sound, posterior aspect of superior temporal gyrus, secondary auditory cortex | wernicke's area |
| language expression, 3rd frontal convolution of the left interior frontal gyrus | broca's area |
| connective fibers between wernicke's and broca's areas | arcuate fasiculus |
| integrate visual and spatial info from occipital and parietal lobes with auditory info | supramagrinal gyrus |
| integrates other info, plays a role in reading comprehension by matching phonemes to graphemes (sounds to words), reading and writing | angular gyrus |
| major player; comprehension, production, meaning | left hemisphere specialization in language |
| emotion in language, prosody (aprosodia) | right hemisphere specialization in language |
| spontaneous speech, repetition, speech comprehension, naming, reading, writing | domains of language |
| disturbance of language usage or comprehension, not due to motor dysfunction of mouth/vocal cords | aphasia |
| motor dysfunction of the mouth or vocal cords | dysarthria |
| expressive/nonfluent aphasia, primary deficit in speech production, comprehension is more or less intact | broca's aphasia |
| receptive/fluent aphasia, primary deficit in language comprehension, speech is fluent but not in proper grammatical form | wernicke's aphasia |
| impaired repetition, lots of hesitation, may have intact reading abilities, damage to arcuate fasiculus | conduction aphasia |
| overall decrease in language function in multiple domains, most widespread deficits of aphasias, generally due to damage in multiple perisylvian regions | global aphasia |
| motor and sensory | transcortical aphasias |
| broca-like disturbed spontaneous speech, good repetition, disruption between conceptual word representations and motor speech output | motor transcortical aphasia |
| wernicke-like impairments in word comprehension, good repetition, normal recognition of auditory words but no activation of meaning, reading and writing affected | sensory transcortical aphasia |
| impaired single word production, mostly "everyday" nouns, repetition and comprehension intact, impaired storage or access to lexical information, damage to inferior parietal lobe or damage within perisylvian region | anomia |
| "misspoken word" | paraphasia |
| substituting a similar sounding word or syllable | phonemic paraphasia |
| substituting a word with a similar context | semantic paraphasia |
| boston diagnostic aphasia exam, boston naming test, controlled oral word association, token test | neurophychological testing and language |
| sensory receptor - thalamic nucleus - primary cortex - secondary cortex - association cortex | generic pathway of cortical organization |
| involves memory that occurs when information can be consciously or intentionally retrieved and stated | LTM explicit memory |
| facts, knowledge, expertise | semantic memory |
| personal experiences and events | episodic memory |
| involves memory that does not require conscious or intentional retrieval | LTM implicit memories |
| memory of motor skills and actions that have been learned previously | procedural memory |
| acquired through classical conditioning | classically conditioned responses |
| immediate memory, procedural memory, memory for remote events | intact functions in severe amnesia |
| corresponds to traditional ideas of hemispheric lateralization sensory info sent to memory processing areas (hippocampus), return pathways store memories back in original cortical regions | declarative memory organization |
| dominant lesions typically cause deficits in verbal memory | left hemisphere |
| nondominant lesions typically lead to deficits in visual-spatial memory | right hemisphere |
| long-term explicit semantic and episodic memories are distributed here, storage location depends on type of information | cerebral cortex |
| critical for encoding new semantic and episodic memories, does not store long term memories, does not affect procedural memory | hippocampus |
| important for predicting and avoiding dangerous situations, triggers hippocampus to encode details of emotional events | amygdala |
| medial temporal lobe, diencephalon, basal forebrain | declarative memory structures |
| center around the hippocampal formation (hippocampus proper, dentate gyrus, subiculum) | medial temoral lobe structures |
| anterior and dorsomedial nuclei of the thalamus, mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus | diencephalic structures |
| major declarative memory system, important for consolidation (hippocampus - mammillary bodies - anterior thalamus - cingulate gyrus) | papez circuit |
| nucleus basalis of Meynert, substantia innominata, medial septal nucleus, nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca | basal forebrain structures |
| implicit and explicit memory | LTM |
| priming, conditioning, prodecural | implicit |
| episodic and semantic | explicit |
| cannot remember events prior to brain damage | retrograde amnesia |
| cannot later remember events that occur after brain damage | anterograde amnesia |
| memory storage | left frontal lobe |
| memory retrieval | right frontal lobe |
| knowledge of memory processes, memory contents, self-generated responses | metamemory and memory monitoring |
| memory outside of the limbic circuitry | non-declarative (implicit) memory |
| cerebellum, basal ganglia and motor strip | brain structures of implicit memory |
| dementias, toxic conditions, anoxia/hypoxia, infarcts, Wernicke-Korsakoff's syndrome, head injury, seizures, transient global amnesia, psycholgenic amnesia | disorders affecting memory |
| inability to recall events from the first 1-3 years of life | infantile amnesia |
| encoding/storage/retrieval, immediate vs. delayed recall, recall vs. recognition, material specificity | specific aspects of memory for testing |
| responsible for decision-making regarding personal and social matters as well as emotion processing | ventromedial orbitofrontal cortex region |
| prefrontal area, premotor area, motor area | frontal lobe anatomy |
| dorsolateral, orbitofrontal, medial frontal/cingulate | 3 prefrontal regions |
| oculomotor and motor | motor function of prefrontal region |
| dorsolateral, orbitofrontal, and anterior cingulate | executive function of prefrontal region |
| planning, organization, selective attention, problem-solving, initiating, inhibiting, self-monitoring, abstract thinking, mental flexibility | executive functions |
| glutamate, GABA, dopamine, acetylcholine, serotonin | neurotransmitters |
| subserves executive function (behavioral responses, activation of remote memories, environmental independence, motor programs, verbal mediation of behavior) | dorsolateral circuit function |
| poor organizational behavior, poor memory search strategies, environmental dependency, poor set shifting, verbal/manual dissociations | dorsolateral circuit dysfunction |
| medial and lateral parallel circuits, personality characteristics, environmental independence, emotional continence | orbitofrontal circuit function |
| personality changes, utilization/imitation behavior, mood disorders, OCD | orbitofrontal circuit dysfunction |
| emotional lability, disinhibition, criminal behavior, impulsive sexual behavior, often lack awareness, anosmia, environmental dependency, pseydopsychopathic | orbitofrontal syndrome |
| motivated behavior, drive, spontaneity, "personhood", creativity | anterior cingulate functions |
| akinetic mutism, indifference to pain, apathy, poverty of speech, psychic emptiness, poor response inhibition | anterior cingulate dysfunction |
| observation, questionnaires, interviews | personality/behavioral assessment |
| sequencing, timing, and proper initiation of voluntary movements, motor planning not execution, contains mirror neurons that activate when observing movement | supplementary motor cortex |
| disorder of motor planning, organization, and initiation | injury to supplementary motor cortex |
| sequencing, timing, and proper initiation of voluntary movements but more in external cue rediness | premotor area |
| emotional or motivational impetus for movement (when reward is involved) | cingulate motor area |
| the inability to stop behaviors once they have started | perseveration |
| failure to continue motor behavior once initiated | motor impersistence |
| inability to execute purposeful, complex motor acts despite physical ability, comprehension, and willingness | apraxia |
| inability to use gestures or mime tool use on command | ideomotor apraxia |
| motor representations in which part of brain? | parietal lobe |
| translates to movements in which part of brain? | premotor cortex |
| primitive reflexes (grasp, sucking, utilization behavior) | frontal lobe lesion signs |
| reduced oxygen | hypoxia |
| absence of oxygen supply | anoxia |
| hypoxia/anoxia, intracranial pressure if hemorrhage occurs, blood can be toxic to cerebral tissue | CVA source of deficits |
| stable cerebral blood flow maintained by... | autoregulation |
| reduced/blocked blood flow, increased heart rate, arterial dilation, increased oxygen extraction ratio, if none of above help cell death | CVA course |
| insufficient blood flow to an area | ischemia |
| sufficient disruption of blood flow to cause significant cell death | infarction |
| small cavity caused by stroke | lacune |
| rupture of a blood vessel, most severe form of CVA | hemorrhage |
| temporary blockage of vessels, symptoms similar to stroke and considered a stroke warning | transient ischemic attack (TIA) |
| thrombosis and embolism | 2 primary sources of infarction |
| most common type, associated with atheroschlerosis | thrombosis |
| associated with atrial fibrillation, tend to occur in younger individuals | embolism |
| aphasia, apraxia, agraphia/dysgraphia, right hemiplegia/hemiparesis, verbal memory problems, right visual field loss, local processing deficits, depression | left hemisphere deficits with CVA |
| visual-perceptual processing, left hemiplegia/hemiparesis, nonverbal communication, prosopagnosia, visual memory, left neglect, anosagnosia/euphoria | right hemisphere deficits with CVA |
| rupture of blood vessel within the brain or subdural space | hemorrhagic stroke |
| pooling of blood into the brain | hematoma |
| pooling of blood within the cerebrum | intracranial hematoma |
| pooling of blood into the meningial spaces | subarachnoid/subdural hematoma |
| weakened blood vessel wall, ballooning, risk of rupture | aneurysm |
| abnormal communication between arteries and veins, "steals" blood from other areas, high leak potential | arteriovenus malformation (AVM) |
| cognitive decline secondary to cerebrovascular disease, definition challenges | vascular dementia (VaD) |
| increases sick of Alzheimer's disease, cognitive symptoms | neuropsychology of VaD |
| diffuse white matter hyperintensities, focused in the centrum semiovale and periventricular white matter | Binswanger's disease |
| a sudden, violent, irregular movement of a limb or of the body caused by involuntary contraction of muscles | convulsion |
| a sudden, uncontrolled electrical disturbance in the brain | seizure |
| a neurological disorder that is a predisposition to recurrent unprovoked seizures | epilepsy |
| structural, single/multiple lesions, medical +/- surgical treatment, responds well to certain medications | partial epilepsy |
| whole brain, ion-channel, metabolic disease, medical treatment, can get worse with certain medications | generalized epilepsy |
| partial, mixed, generalized | 3 types epilepsy |
| simple and complex | 2 types of partial epilepsy |
| generalized tonic-clonic seizure: tonic - clonic- post-ictus | grand mal seizure |
| absence seizure, blanking out | petit mal seizure |
| stiffening of body | tonic seizure |
| jerking of body | clonic seizure |
| muscle tone loss | atonic seizure |
| brief sudden jerk | myoclonic seizure |
| recognizes color | V4 region |
| recognizes face | FFA region / fusiform gyrus |
| large specificity in seizure symtoms | lateral tongue biting |
| lack of sleep, stress, mentral cycle | seizure precipitating factors |
| mixed seizure episode | starts with focal and spreads to whole brain seizure |
| simple epilepsy | consciousness not affected |
| complex epilepsy | consciousness affected -- deja vu, tunnel vision, lost consciousness, etc |
| more intense, complex seizure | seizure in association cortex |
| simple seizure | seizure in primary cortex |
| complex repetitive behaviors in anterior cingulate gyrus | automatism |
| butterfly feeling | insula |
| fear feeling | amygdala |
| amnesia, experiental hallucination, deja vu, jamais vu | symptoms in medial temporal lobe epilepsy |
| mood change, attention problem, lack of confidence | inter-ictal periods |
| genetic disposition to seizures | ideopathic |
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