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How is a suspension defined by USP?
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Give the routes of administration for a suspension
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PharmaceuticsLABtest
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How is a suspension defined by USP? | a liquid preparation with solid particles suspended in a liquid phase |
| Give the routes of administration for a suspension | oral, injection, parenteral |
| Gives stokes law, what do the variables mean? | V= [2r(squared)(d1-d2)g]/9n v = velocity of sedimentation r = radius of the particle d1 = the density of the particle (drug) d2 = the density of the liquid (vehicle) g = gravitational constant n = the viscosity of the dispersion medium |
| How can the degree of sedimentation be reduced by changing the variables in stokes law? | decrease r = decrease particle size decrease (d1-d2) = by increasing d2, the density of the liquid increase n = the viscosity of the dispersion medium |
| Is the rate of sedimentation > for flocculated or deflocculated particles? | flocculated |
| Do flocculated or deflocculated particles form an aggregate? | flocculated |
| Do flocculated or deflocculated particles form a solid cake? | deflocculated |
| Addition of what 4 things can produce a flocculated suspension? | -electrolytes -clay (bentonite magma) ADDING A SUSPENDARY AGENT -change in pH |
| Give examples of suspendary agents aka structured vehicles? | carboxymethlcellulose, methylcellulose, bentonite, ACACIA |
| When do you use the wetting technique? | when adding a solid to a liquid vehicle |
| What does a levigating agent do? | 1. displaces air from the particle and adds an oily coat 2. reduces the particle size and forms a paste |
| Give the formula for the sedimentation volume. | F = Vsed/Vtotal |
| What is the range for the sedimentation volume (F)? | F must be between 0 and 1 |
| What is the formula for the degree of flocculation? | Beta = F floc/F defloc |
| What is the range for the value of the degree of flocculation (Beta)? | The minimum value for Beta = 1, there is no max Beta value |
| What is the desired value for the degree of flocculation? | the closer Beta is to one the better |
| What is a synonym for lime water? | Calcium Hydroxide Solution |
| Explain trituration. | Mixing by applying pressure and adding the ingredient slowly..a small amount at a time |
| Why is calamine pink? | because calamine is zinc oxide with ferric oxide and this gives calamine its pink color |
| In the calamine lotion lab, which two substances needed to be levigated? | calamine and zinc oxide...because they were powders being added to a liquid phase...and the levigating agent reduces particle size and removes the air from the particle and adds a oily coating |
| What was the levigating agent that was used to make calamine lotion? | glycerin |
| What was used as the suspendary agent when making calamine lotion? | Bentonite magma |
| Why are structured vehicles/suspendary agents used when creating a suspension? | to increase the viscosity of the suspension, so that the particles will remain suspended in the vehicle rather than form a solid hard cake at the bottom |
| What is sulfurated potash used for in the preparation of white lotion? | reacts to form active ingredients |
| What is zinc sulfate used for in preparation of white lotion? | reacts to form active ingredients |
| What is purified water used for in preparation of white lotion? | vehicle |
| What is calamine used for in preparation of calamine lotion? | active ingredient |
| What is zinc oxide used for in preparation of calamine lotion? | active ingredient |
| What is glycerin used for in preparation of calamine lotion? | levigating agent (wetting agent) |
| What is bentonite magma used for in preparation of calamine lotion? | as clay/suspending agent |
| What is calcium hydroxide used for in the preparation of calamine lotion? | as one of the active ingredients, the active ingredients are zinc oxide, calamine, and the lime water aka calcium hydroxide |
| What are the auxiliary labels for white lotion? | Shake well and External use only |
| What are the auxiliary labels for calamine lotion? | Shake well and External use only |
| Give the USP definition of an emulsion. | An emulsion is a 2 phase system in which one liquid is dispersed in the form of small globules throughout another liquid. |
| Give the dispersed phase and the continuous phase of a o/w emulsion. | oil is the dispersed phase and water is the continuous phase |
| Give the dispersed phase and the continuous phase of a w/o emulsion. | water is the dispersed phase and oil is the continuous phase |
| How are emulsions stabilized? | by using an emulsifying agent |
| Define emulsifying agent. | prevents coalescence = the merging of small the small droplets into larger droplets and becoming two separated phases PREVENTS SEPARATION OF THE OIL AND WATER |
| Define interfacial tension | the force allowing each liquid to RESIST breaking into smaller particles = The force that allows the same particles to be attracted to each other!!! |
| What effect does an emulsifier have on interfacial tension? | lowers the interfacial tension...which allows them to break up into smaller particles and one liquid can be found inside of the other |
| What type of emulsion (o/w OR w/o) will an emulsifying agent that has more hydrophilic character than hydrophobic character form? Why? | The emulsifying agent would form a oil in water o/w emulsion. because the phase in which the emulsifier is more soluble becomes the external phase/continuous phase |
| Give the classification of emulsifying agents. | Natural, synthetic, or finely dispersed solids |
| Describe the continental method. | A method used to prepare an emulsion This method uses the 4:2:1 system. For every 4 parts of oil, 2 parts of water and 1 part gum should be used in preparing an emulsion. |
| In what order are the ingredients added using the continental method. | -The emulsifier is triturated with the INTERNAL PHASE until mixed well -Then the EXTERNAL PHASE is added at once |
| What does an HLB value measure? | the hydrophilic and lipophilic balance |
| What does an HLB value < 7 indicate? | oil soluble |
| What does an HLB value > 7 indicate | water soluble |
| The HLB value of a blend of equal amounts of Poltsorbate 80 (HLB 15.0) and Sorbitan monoleate 80 (HLB 4.3) is: | 9.65 bc 15(1/2) + 4.3 (1/2) HLB values are additive!! |
| Is acacia oil or water soluble? | water soluble |
| In the Mineral Oil I Emulsion lab: 1. Mineral Oil 2. Acacia 3. Syrup 4. Vanillin 5. Alcohol 6. Purified Water were all used, what was the use of each? | 1. Mineral Oil- external phase 2. Acacia- gum = emulsifier 3. Syrup- for tast 4. Vanillin- for smell 5. Alcohol- ??? 6. Purified Water- internal phase |
| Is Span 85 oil or water soluble? | oil soluble Note: HLB = 1.8, any HLB value < 7=oil soluble |
| Is Tween 85 oil or water soluble? | water soluble Note: HLB = 11.0, any HLB value > 7 = water soluble |
| In the Mineral Oil Emulsion 2 the following ingredients were used, why? 1. Tween 85 HLB 11.0 2. Span 85 HLB 1.8 3. Heavy Mineral Oil 4. Water qs ad | Span is an oil soluble emulsifier Tween is a water soluble emulsifier Mineral oil- continues phase/external phase water-internal phase |
| What are possible uses of white lotion? | astringent, protective, mild antimicrobial |
| What are possible uses of calamine lotion? | astringent, protectant, mild antimicrobial |
| What were the uses of the mineral oil emulsions made in class? | laxatives |
| Describe the surface tension theory of emulsifiers. | An emulsifier lowers the interfacial tension between two immiscible liquids |
| Describe the oriented wedge theory of emulsifiers | The character of the emulsifier determines the continuous phase of the emulsion...they will be the same...a hydrophilic emulsifier will make a o/w emulsion a hydrophobic emulsifier will make a w/o emulsion |
| Describe the interfacial film theory | the emulsifier is adsorbed on top of the particle creating a protective barrier/film and prevents coalescence of the dispersed system |
| What is the most frequently used emulsifiers in extemporaneous systems? | acacia, which is water soluble |
| Describe the physical differences between heavy and light oil. | Heavy oil is viscous and dense Light oil is thin and runny |
| When choosing between heavy and light oil, which one should be used for internal use and which one is for external use? | Heavy oil is for internal use and light oil is for external use |
| Define inunction. | rubbin in. An ointment is applied to the skin by inunction. |
| What are nonmedicated ointments used for? | as emollients- make the skin pliable as protective barriers |
| Are ointments used for systemic or local action? | both |
| Name the four classes of ointment bases recognized by USP. | -hydrocarbon bases -absorption bases -water-removable bases -water soluble bases |
| Which of the 4 ointment bases can be used as an emollient? | -hydrocarbon -absorption |
| Name the ointment bases that are greasy. | -hydrocarbon -absorption |
| Define occlusive. | air tight, seals the skin |
| Name the ointment bases that are occlusive | -hydrocarbon -absorption **this makes since bc they are also the greasy bases |
| Give a synonym that can be used for hydrocarbon bases. | oleaginous bases |
| What type of emulsion is formed by absorption bases? | w/o |
| Why are absorption bases denoted in this way? | to describe the water absorbing properties of the bases NOT the action they have on the skin!! |
| What type of emulsion is formed by water-removable bases? | o/w |
| Can water-removable bases be used on wet skin? | yes, they absorb serous discharge from skin lesions |
| What does PEG stand for? | polyethylene glycol |
| Which ointment base has PEG? | water-soluble bases |
| What type of substances are incorporated into water-soluble bases? Why? | solid or non-aqueous substances, this is because the PEG that is in water-soluble bases will be dissolved/degraded by water |
| Define hygroscopic. | absorbs moisture and draws water towards itself from the air or skin |
| Which ointment base is hygroscopic. | water soluble base bc it has PEG |
| What does the molecular weight tell about PEG? | if it is a solid or liquid |
| Give the range to determine if PEG is a solid or liquid. | PEG with a molecular weight < 1000 is a liquid PEG with a molecular weight > 1000 is a solid |
| Which ointment bases would need an antimicrobial agent? | the bases with water on the outside...the water-removable base bc it is an o/w emulsion |
| Name the 2 techniques used to prepare an ointment. | mechanical incorporation and fusion |
| When choosing a levigating agent for making an ointment should the solubility of the levigating agent be similar to the drug or the ointment base? | the levigating agent should be similar to the ointment base |
| When is mineral oil a suitable levigating agent? | when using an oleaginous base |
| When is glycerin a suitable levigating agent? | when using a water-dispersable base |
| Is sulfur ointment USP medicated or non-medicated? | medicated |
| What ointment base was used for the sulfur ointment USP? | hydrocarbon base |
| Which method of preparation was used to prepare the sulfur ointment in class? | mechanical incorporation |
| Name uses of sulfur. | parasiticide, scabicide, keratolyte, emollient (soothes the skin) |
| What is the drug that is in the sulfur ointment? | sulfur |
| The following are the ingredients for sulfur ointment USP, what are the uses for each ingredient? Precipitated Sulfur Mineral Oil White petroleum | Precipitated Sulfur - drug/active ingredient Mineral Oil - levigating agent White petrolatum - ointment base(hydrocarbon) aka the vehicle |
| Why use a precipitated form of a drug? | Bc the precipitated form of a drug has finer/smaller particles and allows for the formation of a smooth product free from grittiness. ALWAYS USE THE PRECIPITATED FORM OF A DRUG |
| Give uses of sulfur ointment USP. | a parasiticide, scabacide, keratolyte (for psoriasis, seborrhea, eczema) |
| Give uses of cold cream. | moisturizer, makeup remover, emollient |
| Define emollient | soothes the skin |
| What type of ointment base is used for cold cream and what is the method of preparation? | Absorption base (w/o) emulsion fusion is the preparation method |
| The ingredients of cold cream USP are: spermaceti white wax mineral oil sodium borate purified water what is each ingredient used for? | the spermaceti, white wax and mineral oil are solid, solid and oil, they make the semisolid consistency of the ointment -The sodium borate combines with the free fatty acids of the spermaceti and white wax to make the emulsifying agent |
| When should a rubber spatula be used in preparing ointments? Give examples. | When the ingredients of the ointment react with metal. Examples: acids, iodine, mercury, salts |
| How is the emulsifying agent formed in cold cream? | when the sodium borate combines with the waxes (spermaceti and white wax). |
| Where does spermaceti originally come from? | the wax from the ear of a sperm whale |
| What is another name for synthetic spermaceti? | cetyl esters wax |
| What is synonym for white wax? | bees wax |
| Why is mineral oil used in cold cream? | it is used to form a semisolid NOT a levigating agent |
| What auxiliary label is used on cold cream? | for external use only |
| What auxiliary label is used on sulfur ointment? | for external use only |
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