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exam #3

psych 235 - conditioning and learning

TermDefinition
what was ivan pavlov's area of study (technically)? physiology, but more specifically digestion
what was the surgical procedure he created used to measure? digestive fluids aka saliva
what did his surgical procedure lead to? his curiosity about psychic reflexes
unlearned reflex = ... unlearned response
unconditioned means unlearned
classical conditioning can cause what kind of aversion? taste
two types of reflexes: unconditioned (stimulus/response) largely inborn; usually permanent; found in almost all members of a species; vary little from individual to individual
what are the two other terms for classical conditioning? pavlovian conditioning and respondent conditioning
two types of reflexes: conditioned (stimulus/response) not present at birth; acquired through experience; relatively impermanent; unique to each individual
US (unconditioned stimulus) a stimulus that elicits an unconditional response (UR)
the US is the ___ of classical conditioning powerhouse
UR (unconditioned response) the response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus (US)
unconditioned stimuli/responses are involuntary
a response is part of a... reflex
CS (conditional stimulus) a formerly NEUTRAL stimulus (NS) that now elicits a conditional response (CR)
CR (conditioned response) the response elicited by a conditional stimulus (CS)
what was the unconditioned stimulus in pavlov's experiment? the meat powder
what was the unconditioned response in pavlov's experiment? salivation
what was the neutral/conditioned stimulus in pavlov's experiment? the footsteps
what was the conditioned response (because of the footsteps) in pavlov's experiment? salivation
in classical conditioning... what two things are ALWAYS the same? unconditioned response (UR)/conditioned response (CR), neutral stimulus (NS)/ conditioned stimulus (CS)
the process of respondent/pavlovian/classical conditioning: the process of acquiring conditional reflexes
why is the process of respondent/pavlovian/classical conditioning possible? because we already have unconditional reflexes
if a NS is followed closely in time by a US (which elicits a UR), then the NS will come... to elicit a similar response
after many pairings of the NS and US, the NS becomes a __ and reliably elicits a __; this is when a ___ ___ has been established CS; CR; conditional reflex
the behavior involved in respondent conditioning is a... reflex
the presentation of the two stimuli is ___ of the behavior of the organism independent
what is higher-order conditioning? pairing a NS with a *well-established* CS
the NS in higher-order conditioning then becomes another CS without pairing it with... a US
who discovered higher-order conditioning? G.P. Frolov
higher-order conditioning: with frolov's experiment - what was the NS2, CS1, CR1, CS2, and CR2? NS2 - black square CS1 - metronome CR1 - salivation CS2 - black square CR2 - salivation
the importance of higher-order conditioning: many more stimuli can come to elicit... CRs
___ are particularly likely to become a CS through higher-order conditioning words
what were the words Staats and Staats used in their experiment? yof, laj, qug
yof used in higher-order conditioning
how do you measure pavlovian/classical/respondent conditioning? latency, the frequency of the CR, and the intensity of the CR
latency the interval between the onset of the CS and the CR
frequency of the CR presenting the CS alone (without the US) every now and then in test trials
pseudoconditioning the tendency of a NS to elicit a CR when presented after a strong US has elicited a reflex response
pseudoconditioning is... not true conditioning due to sensitization
if you are habituated to something then you are not... sensitized (and vice versa)
what are the variables affecting respondent/classical/pavlovian conditioning? trace, delay, simultaneous, and backward
trace variables CS begins and ends before the US is presented
delay variables CS and US overlap
simultaneous variables CS and US coincide exactly
backward variables CS follows the US
the CS-US contingency if x, then y; the greater the degree of contingency - the more effective the conditioning; CS is followed by the US 100% of the time; IF NS/CS, THEN US
CS-US contiguity referring to the interval between the CS and the US
ISI (interstimulus interval) the time between the CS and the US
when do we have to worry about ISI? in trace pairing
what are the two variables that impact the contiguity between the NS and the US in respondent conditioning? the kind of response being learned and the type of conditioning procedure being used
what is the ideal ISI (interstimulus interval) .5 to 1 second
compound stimulus two or more stimuli are presented simultaneously, often as a CS (conditioned stimulus)
overshadowing the failure of a stimulus that is part of a compound stimulus to become a CS; the stimulus is said to be overshadowed by the stimulus that does become a CS
Created by: kw3093
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