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Exam 2
Questions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the leading reasons for 30+ year difference between countries with the longest and shortest average lifespans? | US AE: 77.5-80 NA, SA, EU highest. Russia/Africa worst. Australia best. 10% genes, 90% lifestyle pollution, access to healthcare physical activity eating healthy (plant based diet) social connectedness purpose in life pleasant xp, fun |
| Describe lifestyle factors that are associated with health and longevity. | Activities/organizations Intelligence Socioeconomic predictors: Financial resources Education Sexual activity work/religious satisfaction, usefulness, happiness. medical test scores (ECG, EEG, neurological exam; health satisfaction score) |
| You should be able to explain why socio-economic status (SES) is related to health outcomes and longevity. | The impact of socioeconomic status on longevity results from reduced access to goods and services, especially medical care and diet. Most of these people have little or no health insurance, cannot access good healthcare, and cannot afford healthy food |
| Describe the gender gap in longevity. | Women live about five years longer than men. |
| What hypotheses have been proposed to explain the difference in average lifespan between women and men? Why is the gender gap narrowing within the United States? | Men are more vulnerable to disease than women. Men are risk-takers. Men smoke and use alcohol more than women. Men allow stress to enter their lives more than women. |
| How do rates of acute and chronic illnesses change over the lifespan? What factors drive the changes in the rates of acute vs. chronic illness over the lifespan? | Rates of acute illnesses decline with age Rates of chronic illnesses increase Effects of acute illnesses are more severe in older adults Greater risk of dying (e.g., People over the age of 65 account for 90% of deaths due to pneumonia and flu) |
| You should be able to describe the logic of the compression of morbidity paradigm | -Compression of Morbidity: Average age one becomes disabled for the first time is postponed. Time between the onset of disability and death is compressed into a shorter period of time |
| recognize examples of successful/unsuccessful efforts of compression of morbidity. | successful: quit/avoid risks such as smoking, unhealthy diet. exercise and eat plant-based diet unsuccessful: |
| be prepared to describe the “Runners Study” | -21 year longitudinal study of: 538 members of a nation wide running club. 423 healthy controls. 50 years and older beginning in 1984. - Findings: Regular running slows the effects of aging. |
| What is the relationship between exercise and longevity? What health benefits are associated with exercise? | Elderly runners: have fewer disabilities have a longer span of active life are half as likely to die an early death as non-runners reduces major mortality risk factors (stroke, cancer, diabetes) All-cause mortality is decreased by about 30% to 35% |
| Describe the effects of stress on health. What is the relationship between self-perception of health and disability? | bad for ones health (physiological and psychological) How we interpret the problem is what matters and decides what we do next Chronic stress increased susceptibility to viral infections, risk of atherosclerosis/hypertension, impaired memory/cognition |
| what is primary appraisal | primary appraisal: filter for events we experience. Events categorized into 3 groups based on their significance to person's well-being (whats stressful/not): Irrelevant events (no affect) Benign/positive events ( good or neutral) Stressful events |
| what is secondary appraisal | Secondary appraisal: When we see an event as stressful we ask ourselves "what can we do?" Evaluates our perceived ability to cope with harm, threat, or challenge; -"I can handle this" vs. "This is overwhelming" |
| what is reappraisal | Reappraisal - Making a new or secondary appraisal resulting from changes in the situation (may increase or decrease stress) |
| example of reappraisal | example: you may dismiss the idea that your partner is cheating on you (perceiving the event as irrelevant) but after being shown evidence you reappraise the event as stressful. |
| Be prepared to describe the differences between problem-focused and emotion-focused coping. | Problem-focused coping: Taking steps to "fix" the problem Emotion-focused coping: Dealing with the feelings associated with a stressful event |
| Under what circumstance is each coping strategy likely to be effective? Be prepared to recognize examples of each form of form of problem solving. | Depends on the stressor Problem-focused coping for unchangeable situation (e.g., death of a loved one) may be maladaptive Avoiding inevitable pain Acceptance Emotion-focused coping when situation is changeable is often maladaptive |
| You should be able to describe the relationship between social connectedness and longevity. | Studies have shown that older persons who have close connections and relationships not only live longer but also cope better with health conditions such as heart problems, and experience less depression and anxiety. They have more support |
| Be prepared to list the five most prevalent chronic conditions among the current cohort of older adults. Which of these conditions are influenced by lifestyle? | Cardiovascular disease, arthritis, diabetes, cancer, and incontinence (loss of the ability to control the elimination of urine and feces on an occasional or consistent basis) Almost all of them are influenced by peoples lifestyle |
| define the following terms: medication absorption, distribution, and metabolism | Absorption: Time need to for medication to enter bloodstream: Distribution: How medication is distributed throughout body via bloodstream Metabolism: Breakdown of substances and excretion of waste products |
| You should be able to describe how the physiological response to medication change across the lifespan. | Absorption: *Rate is slower in late life Distribution: *With age portion of drug remaining "free" increases *Risk of reaching toxic level increases Metabolism: *Slows with age *Slowing increases risk of build-up and toxicity |
| Define polypharmacy. | Polypharmacy: the use of multiple medications. ...is the standard in geriatric healthcare in the U.S. Older adults on average consume approximately 6.5 medications |
| What risks are associated with polypharmacy? | Polypharmacy increases risk of adverse events ADEs cause approximately 1.3 million emergency department visits and 350,000 hospitalizations each year |
| define activities of daily living (ADLs); recognize and provide examples. | Activities of daily living (ADLs) – basic self-care tasks such as eating, dressing, bathing, toileting, or walking |
| define instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs). You should be able to recognize and provide examples | Instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) – actions that involve intellectual competence and planning (e.g., paying bills, making phone calls, taking medications correctly, shopping, etc.) |
| What health conditions increase the risk of disability in late life? | Arthritis, cerebrovascular disease, and degenerative neuro-cognitive disorders (e.g., Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease) Smoking, heavy drinking, physical inactivity, depression, social isolation, perceived poor health "The patient role" |
| Be prepared to describe extraindividual factors that predict disability vs. optimal aging. | Medical care/ rehabilitation medication/ therapies External supports (e.g., caregivers, Meals on Wheels, special equipment.) Built, physical, and social environment (access to public transportation, modifications to the home, health insurance) |
| Be prepared to describe intraindividual factors that predict disability vs. optimal aging. | overt changes to alter disease& impact Spirituality skills to access positive social experiences choosing activities and how they’re done so experiences are gratifying being flexible and mindful of one’s experience following rules vs. being ”present” |
| Describe Lawton and Nahemow’s model of competence and environmental press. | suggests behavior depends on competence level in environment w/certain level of env press. Proactivity: choosing new behaviors to meet new desires or needs. Docility: allow situation to dictate the options. less competence = environment has more impact |
| define environmental press, competence, adaptation level | Environmental press - Environment classified on basis of the varying demands they place on the person competence: ability to do something succesfully Adaptation level: Where behavior and affect are “normal” |
| define zone of maximum performance potential, zone of maximum comfort. | Zone of maximum performance potential: a slight increase in press improves performance Zone of maximum comfort: created by slight decreases in press |
| What is meant by the phrase aging in place? What is the major psychological feature of aging in place? | Aging in place: a balancing of environmental press and competence through selection and compensation. (Feeling "at home" is a major aspect of aging in place) |
| Be prepared to describe how homes be designed or modified to support safety and comfort across the lifespan? | adding hand rails in bathroom make doorways wider clearing spaces so a wheelchair can pass through, lowering countertop heights for sinks and kitchen cabinets, placing light switches and electrical outlets at heights that can be reached easily. |
| what are skilled nursing facilities (or nursing homes) | frailest/most ill Admission criteria(need): Patient observation, evaluation, updating physician medical orders 24/7 skilled nursing services Medications cant be self-administered nursing care for mental/physical limitation |
| what are assisted living facilities | For people who do not need 24-hour care Menu of services Private pay home-like environment the philosophy of care emphasizes personal control, choice, and dignity facility meets resident's routine services and special needs |
| what is Adult foster care (aka group homes) | Similar to assisted living but smaller (5-6 residents in a family setting) Some states regulate; No federal regulation Congregate housing Most common type is apt complex Can provide social support/meals but not ongoing medical care |
| What is a “special” dementia care facility (or unit)? How do these facilities tend to differ from other long term facilities (besides the obvious criterion that the residents have a diagnosis of a neurocognitive disorder)? | Well-designed special dementia care units provide supportive/therapeutic programs that help the person function at the highest level possible. staff have special training building is designed specially decorations won't cause confusion |
| What percent of older adults in the United States currently reside in skilled nursing facilities? What is the likelihood that an adult in the United States will live in a skilled nursing facility at some point in his/her life? | 5% of older adults live in nursing homes. 50% of older women and 30% of older men will spend at least some time in a long-term care facility. |
| You should be able to list the factors that increase the probability that someone will be admitted to a skilled nursing facility. | 85+ Female European American Financially disadvantaged Recently admitted to hospital 85+ Female European American Financially disadvantaged Recently admitted to hospital Lives in retirement housing rather than being a homeowner |
| You should be able to list the factors that increase the probability that someone will be admitted to a skilled nursing facility (cont) | Unmarried (Widowed or divorced) or living alone Has no children or siblings nearby Has some cognitive impairment Has one or more problems with IADL (instrumental activities of daily living) |
| Why are state governments interested in reducing admissions to skilled nursing facilities? | financial reasons. It costs a lot for housing and it cost Medicaid about 30% of its expenses Medicaid: Bias in favor of funding nursing home services is slowly shifting toward increased funding for home and community-based services. |
| What care options have been developed/promoted by states to reduce the need for admission to a skilled nursing facility? | Long term care facilities are becoming more diversified and specialized in their services Assisted living has grown substantially over the past decade, although the extent to which it has replaced nursing home services is not clear |
| You should be familiar with the average cost of a private room in a skilled nursing facility. | |
| Describe the ratio of men to women in long-term care settings. | There are more women than men. 1 Male per 100 females |
| Be prepared to describe reasons for the difference in the numbers of men and women in long-term care settings. | |
| Describe cohort factors that may influence the number of baby boomers who will need long-term care. | |
| Compare and contrast life at home for an older adult and life in a skilled nursing facility. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each? | Life at Home: have more freedom Don't have to deal with other residents you have your own space (may get lonely at times but others may like it) you may not have somebody there when you need them an institution may provide medical help |
| Compare and contrast life at home for an older adult and life in a skilled nursing facility. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each? | Life in an institution: It is more expensive you have residents that you may not like more of a social life (may be good or bad) you don't have as much freedom You have a structured schedule (can be good for older people) |
| Describe common errors staff and visitors make when communicating with residents. What are some of the consequences of inappropriate speech within nursing facilities? | Patronizing speech Infantilization or baby "talk" Inappropriate use of first names Terms of endearment “Honey" "Sweetie" Assumption of greater impairment than may be the case Cajoling to demand compliance |
| Describe characteristics of person-centered planning within skilled nursing facilities. Be prepared to describe how perceptions of personal control influence the well-being and longevity of nursing home residents. | |
| Identify two aspects of an “ideal” skilled nursing facility. | Ideal institution: strict routine (with choices for meals, activities and social contacts) Nurses not being overly helpful but still there if residents need something |
| Describe the philosophy of the Green House Project. How do skilled nursing facilities based on the Green House model differ from traditional skilled nursing facilities? | |
| What is universal design (see lecture slides)? What architectural features are characteristic of buildings designed on universal design principles? | |
| Be prepared to describe the assumptions and limitations of the information processing model of memory. | |
| Be prepared to define sensory memory. | A brief and almost identical representation of the stimuli that exists in the observable environment. All memories start as sensory memories (A song heard, a person seen...) |
| define divided attention. How is divided attention measured? | Divided attention: the ability to pay attention and successfully perform more than one task at one time. (ex: driving a car) |
| Summarize the findings concerning age-related changes in divided attention. What variable affects whether age differences will be obtained on divided attention tasks? How can age-related differences on divided attention tasks be reduced? | differences in performing tasks when distractions (or complex tasks) are present, if distractions not present then there is hardly an age related difference. Attention switching: Age differences found when targets are different sensory modalities |
| Be prepared to define the following terms: processing resources, automatic processing, effortful processing, inhibitory loss. | |
| Describe how the concepts of effortful and automatic processing might be applied to enhance the studying strategies and academic performance of college students. | |
| How does interference impact attention and memory over the lifespan? | |
| Describe internal forms of interference. | Internal interference: mind wandering, distracted thoughts, multitasking (less likely to be focused on one task) |
| Describe external forms of interference. | External interference: distracting, irrelevant stimuli (someone saying your name, loud music, etc), interruptions (multiple people trying to talk to you, multitasking) |
| When considering findings from research on age-related changes in attention and memory do you think it is fair to have a mandatory retirement age for airline pilots? Why or why not? | no, older pilots = more experienced, handle high-stress situations calmly. Cognitive and physical changes differ based on each individual. drug test pilots for medications that cause drowsiness or increase accidents. pilot test at certain age |
| Do you think it is fair for states to require adults over a certain age to participate in more frequent mandatory driving tests in order to retain their driving privileges? Be prepared to support your opinion based on findings from empirical research. | Yes As people age their peripheral vision narrows and that can be dangerous (changing lanes…) Reaction time is slower Driving is a complex task and as we age our ability to divide our attention for a complex task is limited |
| Do you think it is fair for states to require adults over a certain age to participate in more frequent mandatory driving tests in order to retain their driving privileges? Support your opinion based on findings from empirical research. (cont) | Difficulty seeing the road Changing lanes Noting signs and warnings Turning properly Yielding the right of way Trouble reading highway signs and instrument panel |
| Be prepared to define and recognize examples of working memory. How is working memory relevant for functioning in everyday life? | Working memory: actively holding information in awareness at one time. Research suggests this capacity is limited to about seven chunks. Example: trying to remember a phone number that someone is telling you so you can put it in your phone later. |
| Describe age-associated changes in working memory. | This capacity declines with age (slower information processing, smaller storage). These changes are not universal but they are greater with age. |
| How do age-related changes in spatial working memory compare with changes in verbal working memory? | |
| Be prepared to define and provide examples of implicit memory | Implicit memory doesn’t have to be intentional or conscious effort (doesn’t decline with age). example: riding a bike, still playing the piano when older |
| Be prepared to define and provide examples of explicit memory. | Explicit memory is the intentional remembering of information, attention was devoted to learn (tends to decline with age). example: remembering a fact you learned in a high school class |
| Be prepared to define subtypes of long term memories (semantic memory, episodic memory, and procedural memory) and age-associated changes in each type. | Episodic memory: first day of school, a game, lunch (experience the feeling of a memory) Procedural memory: knowledge of how to do things Semantic memory: information that was learned in a class, book learning, etc (remembrance of acquired knowledge) |
| You should be able to describe the difference between a recall and a recognition task. What are the age-related changes in performance on recall vs. recognition tasks? | Recall: generating the memory of certain information Recognition: remembering/recognizing words or items Recall declines with age but recognition does not change very much |
| What factors have been found to affect episodic memory in older adults? Can age differences in episodic memory be reduced? If yes, how? | |
| What is autobiographical memory? What distinguishes events that are memorable from those that are not? | Autobiographical memories are more resistant to decline. Some if has to do with rehearsal, reminiscing with others. Events that cause intense emotional responses are more likely to be remembered. |
| What types of retrieval cues are helpful in the recall of autobiographical memories? | |
| How does emotion affect attention to and memory for information in late life? | Emotion causes us to remember things better, but it might be biased and our perspective might be different than how someone else remembers it. |
| What is Carstensen’s view of the benefits of the positivity bias? | |
| Be prepared to define source memory and to describe age-associated changes in source memory. | Source memory: ability to recall where we heard or learned something Source memory declines with age |
| How might decrements in source memory affect decision making in everyday life (e.g., healthcare or financial decisions)? | problematic judgment calls; information relevance/accuracy (healthcare choices based on tabloid information, forgetting an investment pitch (“gold coins”) was a paid advertiser, not unbiased) Compromised source memory can make people vulnerable to scams |
| You should be prepared to define metamemory | Memory about how memory works and what one believes to be true about it. (How people observe and evaluate their own memory) ...Self-appraisal of memory... |
| describe research findings regarding aging and metamemory. | Research shows that older people seem to know less than younger adults. (view memory as less stable, expect memory will deteriorate with age, and perceive they have less direct control over memory) |
| Based on research findings, what is the impact of negative stereotypes about aging on older adults’ memory performance? | If older ppl believe memory is going then research shows us they do worse on memory tasks. Belief age hampers memory function may actually impair memory performance (Levy, 1996). Persons with positive views of aging tend to function better in late life |
| Suppose you have been hired to design a health information website for older adults. Describe design features you would incorporate within the website given findings from research on memory for discourse. | Clearly organized text, slower speed of presentation (ability to scroll on your own), less clutter, no distracting pop-ups. |
| suppose you have an elderly relative who is experiencing common memory problems. Describe at least two strategies that she or he could use to remedy these problems and explain why the strategies would be effective. | -Research states that flavonoids found in green tea, blueberries, and other foods can reverse age-related deficits in spatial memory. There are also internal (mind games) and external memory (diaries, address books...) aids. |
| You should be able to describe strategies for enhancing prospective memory. | One way to enhance prospective memory is to have reminders of certain events. |
| Be prepared to describe findings from research on the effects of access to electronic devices on the attentional and academic performance of students. You should be prepared to explain why access to an electronic device interferes with learning. | |
| Are medications effective in enhancing memory function? | |
| Describe the E-I-E-I-O framework and explain how it can be used to improve memory. Be prepared to identify and provide examples of external memory aids. | |
| You should be able to explain what is meant when intelligence is described as a “multidimensional construct”. | It means that intelligence consists of many skills; Intelligence specifies many domains of intellectual abilities. No single type of intelligence is responsible for all mental activities we perform |
| Be prepared to define crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence. | Knowledge thru life experience/education in a particular culture.Abilities that make one a flexible/adaptive thinker, allow one to draw interference, and allow one to understand the relations among concepts independent of acquired knowledge and experience |
| According to lecture, what environmental factors affect the development of crystallized intelligence in early childhood? Do those factors continue to affect intellectual functioning across the lifespan including late life? | |
| Be prepared to provide specific examples of how age-graded and history-graded (cohort) factors might influence performance on a standardized intelligence test. | |
| Describe how different research designs have influenced findings regarding aging and intellectual performance. How have the findings from cross-sectional studies differed from longitudinal and sequential designs? | |
| Describe the design and findings from the Seattle Longitudinal Study. | Gains until early 40s then stable until 50s or 60s (depending on test) After age 60...losses emerge on all scales...but.... Measures of speed-related fluid skills begin to decline by early 30s |
| Describe the design and findings from the Seattle Longitudinal Study. (cont) | Measures of crystallized skills (e.g., verbal abilities) remain stable until the 60s Peak performance on two measures occurred at age 67 Dramatic differences across people in the abilities that remain stable and those that decline |
| What percent of persons over the age of 80 were found to experience deficits on all primary mental abilities? | All subjects showed decline on at least one ability...but...virtually no subjects declined on all abilities |
| Be prepared to define what is meant by the mechanics and pragmatics of intelligence. | Mechanics of Intelligence: fluid abilities, or biologically based "hardware"that affects cognition Pragmatics of intelligence: knowledge accumulated over the years (gain in pragmatics compensates for decline in mechanics) |
| Describe Paul Baltes’ findings regarding aging and the mechanics and pragmatics of intellectual performance. | Baltes argues...if crystallized knowledge is extensive older adults can out-perform young adults |
| Are programs aimed at improving fluid intelligence abilities effective? If yes, how are they effective? | |
| What is the role of experience in expertise and problem solving? | |
| Describe evidence for continued cognitive development across the lifespan. | |
| Describe the role of health-related factors on intellectual performance in advanced age. | |
| What health and lifestyle factors are associated with the prevention of age-associated cognitive losses? | 1. mentally stimulating job 2. Live w/ intelligent, well-educated partner 3. physically healthy 4. open to new ideas 5. social connections/socially active 6. In advanced old age - preserve functional capacities: Try to remain physically active |
| What is terminal drop? | Drop in verbal IQ is a sign of approaching death |
| What hypotheses have been advanced to explain terminal drop? | 2 hypothesis 1) Physical problems directly impair thinking Reduced flow of oxygen to brain? 2) Unhealthy people are less active mentally and socially |
| How might knowledge of terminal drop affect the judgment of health care providers providing care to older adults? | if health care providers had knowledge of terminal drop they may not accept/provide care for people who have experienced a terminal drop |
| You should be able to summarize the model of wisdom developed by Paul Baltes and his colleagues. | Baltes & Staudinger Investigated age by experience paradigm Found groups that differed in: age exposure to experiences that would help develop wisdom Baltes'and Staudinger's research: Ol |
| According to Baltes & Staudinger, what are the five characteristics of persons who are considered “wise”? | rich factual knowledge about world procedural knowledge; know how implement decisions Possess "life span contextualism" Sensitive to the competing perspective of others Appreciate life's unpredictability and can cope when the unexpected occurs |
| You should be able to describe the logic of the age x experience research paradigm employed by Baltes & Staudinger. | Be prepared to describe the types of: a) personal characteristics and b) life experiences that have been found to promote the development of wisdom. |
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