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Mods 9-11
Nervous, Endocrine, & Old Brain
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| neuron | a nerve cell |
| soma | body of the neuron |
| dendrites | attached to the soma; receives messages from other neurons |
| axon | "tail" of the neuron, sends messages along to axon terminals to be transmitted to other neurons |
| myelin sheath | protective fatty layer surrounding the axon. Speeds neural transmission |
| action potential | a neural impulse |
| terminal branches | end of the axon; this is where neurotransmitters are produced into the synapse to connect with other neurons |
| synapse | space between two neurons |
| AcH | Neurotransmitter that enables muscle action, learning, & memory. Implicated in Alzheimer's disease |
| Dopamine | Neurotransmitter that influences movement, learning, motivation, & attention. Undersupply linked to Parkinson's; oversupply linked to schizophrenia |
| serotonin | Neurotransmitter linked to mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal. Undersupply linked to depression |
| Norepinephrine | helps control alertness and arousal. Undersupply can depress mood |
| GABA | inhibitory neurotransmitter. Undersupply linked to seizures, tremors, and insomnia |
| Glutamate | excitatory neurotransmitter; oversupply can cause migraines or seizures |
| endorphins | naturally-occurring pankilling neurotransmitters. Oversupply with opiate drugs can suppress the body's natural supply |
| agonist | any drug that increases the supply of a neurotransmitter |
| antagonist | any drug that blocks or inhibits a neurotransmitter's action |
| afferent neurons | sensory neurons, relay information from sensory organs to brain |
| efferent neurons | motor neurons, relay instruction from motor cortex of brain back to rest of body |
| somatic nervous system | responsible for moving of skeletal muscles |
| autonomic nervous system | part of the peripheral nervous system, controls involuntary internal bodily processes |
| sympathetic nervous system | fight or flight; arouses the body |
| parasympathetic nervous system | rest & digest; calms the body, conserves energy |
| central nervous system | brain & spinal cord |
| peripheral nervous system | the sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body |
| adrenal glands | part of endocrine system, help trigger fight or flight |
| pituitary gland | master gland of the endocrine system, secretes human growth hormone, directs other glands to produce hormones |
| pancreas | part of endocrine system; regulates level of sugar in the blood |
| EEG | Measures electrical activity in the brain |
| PET scan | Measures glucose usage in the brain |
| CT scan | Shows structure of the brain |
| MRI scan | Shows structure of the brain in greater deatil using magnetic imaging |
| Medulla | Base of brainstem, regulates heartbeat and breathing |
| Reticular formation | Neural network inside the pons, responsible for alertness & arousal |
| Thalamus | Relays information from sensory organs to the cerebral cortex |
| Amygdala | Emotional center of the brain. Responsible for aggression & fear |
| Hippocampus | Processes explicit memories |
| Hypothalamus | Body's "thermostat"--regulates drives such as temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep |
Created by:
ashley_yang
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