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Chapter 10
Development
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| developmental psychology | the study of continuity and change across the life span |
| zygote | a fertilized egg that contains chromosomes from both a sperm and an egg |
| germinal stage | the 2-week period of prenatal development that begins at conception |
| embryonic stage | the period of prenatal development that lasts from the second week until about the eighth week |
| fetal stage | the period of prenatal development that lasts from the ninth week until birth |
| myelination | the formation of a fatty sheath around the axons of a neuron |
| teratogens | agents that damage the process of development, such as drugs and viruses |
| fetal alcohol syndrome | a developmental disorder that stems from heavy alcohol use by the mother during pregnancy |
| infancy | the stage of development that begins at birth and lasts between 18 and 24 months |
| motor development | the emergence of the ability to execute physical action |
| reflexes | specific patterns of motor response that are triggered by specific patterns of sensory stimulation |
| cephalocaudal rule | the “top-to-bottom” rule that describes the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from the head to the feet |
| proximodistal rule | the “inside-to-outside” rule that describes the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from the center to the periphery |
| cognitive development | the emergence of the ability to think and understand |
| sensorimotor stage | a stage of development that begins at birth and lasts through infancy in which infants acquire information about the world by sensing it and moving around within it |
| schemas | theories about or models of the way the world works |
| assimilation | the process by which infants apply their schemas in novel situations |
| accommodation | the process by which infants revise their schemas in light of new information |
| object permanence | the idea that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible |
| childhood | the stage of development that begins at about 18 to 24 months and lasts until adolescence |
| preoperational stage | the stage of development that begins at about age 2 and ends at about age 6, during which children have a preliminary understanding of the physical world |
| concrete operational stage | the stage of development that begins at about age 6 and ends at about age 11, during which children learn how various actions, or “operations,” can affect or transform “concrete” objects |
| conservation | the notion that the quantitative properties of an object are invariant despite changes in the object’s appearance |
| formal operational stage | the stage of development that begins around the age of 11 and lasts through adulthood, during which children can solve nonphysical problems |
| egocentrism | the failure to understand that the world appears differently to different observers |
| theory of mind | the idea that human behavior is guided by mental representations |
| attachment | the emotional bond that forms between newborns and their primary caregivers |
| internal working model of relationships | a set of beliefs about the self, the primary caregiver, and the relationship between them |
| temperaments | characteristic patterns of emotional reactivity |
| preconventional stage | a stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by its con- sequences for the actor |
| conventional stage | a stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by the extent to which it conforms to social rules |
| postconventional stage | a stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is determined by a set of general principles that reflect core values |
| adolescence | the period of development that begins with the onset of sexual maturity (about 11 to 14 years of age) and lasts until the beginning of adulthood (about 18 to 21 years of age) |
| puberty | the bodily changes associated with sexual maturity |
| primary sex characteristics | bodily structures that are directly involved in reproduction |
| secondary sex characteristics | bodily structures that change dramatically with sexual maturity but that are not directly involved in reproduction |
| adulthood | the stage of development that begins around age 18 to 21 and ends at death |
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honeymilk
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