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Chapter 7
Learning
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| learning | the acquisition of new knowledge, skills, or responses from experience that result in a relatively permanent change in the state of the learner |
| classical conditioning | a phenomenon that occurs when a neutral stimulus produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response |
| unconditioned stimulus (US) | something that reliably produces a naturally occurring reaction in an organism |
| unconditioned response (UR) | a reflexive reaction that is reliably produced by an unconditioned stimulus |
| conditioned stimulus (CS) | a stimulus that is initially neutral and produces no reliable response in an organism |
| conditioned response (CR) | a reaction that resembles an unconditioned response but is produced by a conditioned stimulus |
| acquisition | the phase of classical conditioning when the CS and the US are presented together |
| second-order conditioning | conditioning in which the stimulus that functions as the US is actually the CS from an earlier procedure in which it acquired its ability to produce learning |
| extinction | the gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the US is no longer presented |
| spontaneous recovery | the tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period |
| generalization | a process in which the CR is observed even though the CS is slightly different from the original one used during acquisition |
| discrimination | the capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli |
| biological preparedness | a propensity for learning particular kinds of associations over others |
| operant conditioning | a type of learning in which the consequences of an organism’s behavior determine whether that behavior will be repeated in the future |
| law of effect | the principle that behaviors that are followed by a “satisfying state of affairs” tend to be repeated and those that produce an “unpleasant state of affairs” are less likely to be repeated |
| operant behavior | behavior that an organ- ism produces that has some impact on the environment |
| reinforcer | any stimulus or event that functions to increase the likelihood of the behavior that led to it |
| punisher | any stimulus or event that func- tions to decrease the likelihood of the behavior that led to it |
| fixed interval (FI) schedule | an operant conditioning principle in which reinforce- ments are presented at fixed times, provided that the appropriate response is made |
| variable interval (VI) schedule | an operant conditioning principle in which behavior is reinforced based on an average time that has expired since the last reinforcement |
| fixed ratio (FR) schedule | an operant conditioning principle in which reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses have been made |
| variable ratio (VR) schedule | an operant conditioning principle in which the delivery of reinforcement is based on a particular average number of responses |
| intermittent reinforcement | an operant conditioning principle in which only some of the responses made are followed by reinforcement |
| intermittent-reinforcement effect | the fact that operant behaviors that are maintained under intermittent-reinforcement schedules resist extinction better than those maintained under continuous reinforcement |
| shaping | learning that results from the reinforcement of successive steps to a final desired behavior |
| latent learning | a condition in which some- thing is learned but it is not manifested as a behavioral change until sometime in the future |
| cognitive map | a mental representation of the physical features of the environment |
| observational learning | a condition in which learning takes place by watching the actions of others |
| diffusion chain | a phenomenon that occurs when individuals initially learn a behavior by observing another individual perform that behavior and then serve as a model from which other individuals learn the behavior |
| implicit learning | learning that takes place largely without awareness of the process or the products of information acquisition |
| habituation | a general process in which repeated or prolonged exposure to a stimulus results in a gradual reduction in response |
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honeymilk
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