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BP Test 2 synapses
Bio Psych Test 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Synapse | Specialized gap between 2 neurons |
| Postsynaptic Neuron | neuron receiving the message |
| presynaptic neuron | neuron transmitting the message |
| synaptic cleft | space between 2 neurons |
| neurotransmitter | chemical synthesized in presynaptic then released into cleft for the receptors of the post synaptic |
| excitatory | increasing likeliness of AP |
| inhibitory | decreases likeliness of AP |
| Acetylcholine | an excitatory neurotransmitter found in the CNS, ANS, and skeletal muscles |
| What are the receptors of acetylcholine? | Nicotinic and muscarinic |
| What in acetylcholine involved in? | Regulation of attention and arousal, memory, and motor control |
| types of neurotransmitters? | Acetylcholine, monoamines, neuropeptides, purines, and gases |
| types of monoamines? | Catecholamines and indoleamines |
| types of catecholamines? | dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine |
| dopamine | inhibitory neurotransmitter involved in attention, learning, motor control, and schizophrenia |
| receptors of dopamine | D1, D2, D3, D4, D5 |
| what is the precursor for dopamine? | L-dopa |
| What does AMPT do? | temporarily blocks production of dopamine |
| Norepinephrine | found in CNS as excitatory and inhibitory in sympathetic NS |
| what is norepinephrine involved in? | sleep/wakefulness, regulation of food intake and mood, and stress response |
| epinephrine | excitatory neurotransmitter found in the CNS and sympathetic NS |
| Type of indolamine | serotonin |
| serotonin | inhibitory neuron transmitter that has 7 known receptors |
| what is serotonin synthesized by | trytoptophan |
| amino acid neurotransmitters | glutamate, GABA, and glycine |
| Glutamate | excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter that's involved in learning and schizophrenia |
| GABA | inhibitory amino acid neurotransmitter important in motor control and regulation of anxiety |
| glycine | inhibitory amino acid neurotransmitter that has implications in learning along with glutamate |
| Peptide neurotransmitters | neuropeptide Y, dynorphins, endorphins, enkephalins, substance P |
| neuromodulator | chemical that modulates neurotransmitters |
| Where are neuropeptides synthesized? | the soma |
| where are neuropeptides released from? | slowly released from dendrites, soma and sides of the axon |
| what do neuropeptides effect? | Anything in their range |
| neuropeptide Y | regulates hunger |
| Dynorphins, endorphins, and enkephalins | inhibits pain experience |
| substance P | increases pain experience |
| type of purine | adenosine |
| What is adenosine involved in | suppression of neural activity, regulation of sleep and wake cycle, and dilation of blood vessels |
| soluble gases | nitric oxide and carbon oxide |
| What is the role of soluble gases? | regulate passage of neural impulses that contributes to communication between neurons |
| what are the chemical events at a synapse? | synthesis, transportation, release, activation of receptors, changes in post synaptic neuron, detachment of NT, reuptake or deactivation of NT by enzymes, negative feedback |
| what occurs during synthesis? | creation of precursors and enzymes, and storage in synaptic vessels |
| what occurs during transportation? | AP travels down axon and allows Ca+ into the cell |
| what occurs during release? | exocytosis |
| What is exocytosis? | NT released from the presynaptic neuron into the synapse |
| quantum | small amount |
| what is the original Dale's Law | each branch of a neuron releases acetylcholine |
| what is the revised Dale's Law? | a given neuron releases a combo of NTs which is still applicable to some neurons with exceptions |
| what are the types of receptor activations? | ionotropic and metabotropic |
| ionotropic activation | NT binds to receptor site and NT dependent channels open to allow Cl ions to enter the post synaptic neuron |
| metabotropic activation | NT binds to receptor, activates G proteins, alpha subunit breaks away and activates an enzyme which creates a secondary messenger that allows ions into the cell |
| what is the secondary messenger in metabotropic activation? | cyclic AMP or cyclic GMP |
| inhibitory post synaptic potentials | hyper polarization, K+ leaving the cell and Cl- enters the cell |
| excitatory post synaptic potential | depolarization, Na+ enters the cell |
| What is neural integration? | magnitude of EPSP and IPSP, location of PSPs, and temporal and spatial summation |
| What is magnitude of EPSPs? | graded depolarization and its strength and location |
| What is magnitude of IPSPs? | graded hyperpolarizaton and its strength and location |
| temporal summation | summation that occurs and adds over time |
| spatial summation | summation that occurs over space |
| How do serotonin and catecholamines detach? | simply detach |
| how do peptide NTs detach? | detach and diffuse or are deactivated by enzymes |
| reuptake | presynaptic neuron takes up most of the released NT molecules that are intact and reuses them |
| what degrades acetylcholine? | acetylcholine esterase |
| what degrades catecholamines? | catecholomethyl transferase (COMT) |
| what degrades both catecholamines and serotonin? | Monoamine oxidase (MAO) |
| what happens during negative feedback in a synapse? | retrograde transmitter and auto receptor |
| what is auto receptor? | presynaptic terminal receptors are sensitive to the same transmitter they release which inhibits further synthesis and release |
| agonist drugs | mimics or increases the effects of NTs and facilitate synaptic transmission |
| antagonist drugs | blocks the effects of the NTs inhibiting the synaptic transmission |
| drug affinity | the attraction of a given drug to a specific receptor |
| drug efficacy | the tendency of a drug to activate a receptor |
| how can drugs act on the enzymes in the synapse | inhibit enzymes necessary for synthesis and block the enzymes required for deactivation |
| how can drugs act on NTs in the synapse? | effects the storage, promote or inhibit the release, can attach to a receptor site on the post synaptic and affect the NT attaching to its receptor in a neighboring site |
| how can drugs act in the synapse? | precursor, stimulate or block the post synaptic receptors, prevent reuptake, stimulate or block auto receptors, and block retrograde transmission |
Created by:
jorjasiemens
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