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Myers Module 2
Research Strategies
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Hindsight Bias | the tendency to believe, after learning the outcome, that one would have forseen it (the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon) |
| Critical Thinking | thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions. |
| Theory | an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events. |
| Hypothesis | a testable prediction, often implied by a theory |
| Operational definition | a statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables. |
| Replication | repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances. |
| Case study | on observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles. |
| Survey | a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them. |
| Population | all the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study. |
| Random Sample | a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion. |
| Naturalistic Observation | watching and recording the behavior of organisms in their natural environment. |
| Correlation | a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other. |
| Negative correlation | One goes up, one goes down |
| Positive correlation | both go up or down together |
| Illusory correlation | the perception of a relationship where none exists. |
| Experiment | research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process. |
| Random Assignment | Assigning research participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing pre-existing differences between the participants. |
| Double-blind procedure | neither participant nor the research assistant collecting the data knows which group is receiving treatment. |
| Placebo effect | experimental results caused by expectations alone |
| Experimental group | the group in an experiment that is exposed to the treatment |
| Control group | the group in an experiment that contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a companion for evaluating the effect of the treatment. |
| Independent variable | the experimental factor that is manipulated; factor being studied |
| Dependent variable | the outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulation of the independent variable. |
| Culture | the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next. |
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tpetrali
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