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The CNS arises from the _______________.
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ECTODERM
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HAP
Brain+Cranial Nerves
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The CNS arises from the _______________. | ectoderm |
| ECTODERM | OUTERMOST LAYER: Nervous system + Skin |
| MESODERM | MIDDLE LAYER: Muscle, skeleton, kidneys, reproductive system |
| ENDODERM | INNERMOST LAYER: Endocrine glands, lungs, digestive tract, liver |
| The 4 parts of the adult brain are the: | 1.Brainstem 2.Cerebellum 3.Diencephalaon 4.Cerebrum |
| These are the layers of connective tissue | Cranial Meninges |
| Which brain part is continuous with the spinal cord? | Brainstem |
| Which brain part is posterior to brainstem? | Cerebellum |
| Which brain part is composed of the thalami (hypo, epi, and thalamus)? | Diencephalon |
| Which brain part is largest part of the brain? | Cerebrum |
| The brain is protected by ____________, ______________, __________________. | Cranium, Calvarium, Cranial Meninges |
| It is the bones of the skull with the jaw | Cranium |
| The Brainstem is composed of _____________, _______________, ________________. | medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain. |
| These bones of the calvarium only have one quanitity, which bones are these? | Frontal Occipital Ethmoid Sphenoid |
| What are the 3 layers of the Cranial Meninges? | Dura Mater Arachnoid Mater Pia Mater |
| In the Cranial Meninges, this is the thickest, outermost layer | Dura Mater |
| The Dura Mater also has 2 sublayers which is the _____________ and ______________. | Periosteal layer; Meningeal layer |
| The periosteal layer is _________ and adheres to cranium. The meningeal layer is ___________. | external; internal. |
| In the Cranial Meninges, this is the middle layer, it is web-like and produces CSF | Arachnoid Mater |
| The Arachnoid Mater consists of the __________ and ___________. | choroid plexus; subarachnoid space (CSF flow) |
| In the Cranial Meninges, this is the innermost layer, thinnest, and adheres to brain tissue | Pia Mater |
| Brain consumes 20% of ________ and __________ in body | oxygen; glucose |
| ____________ is the primary transport medium | Blood |
| Blood Brain Barrier is a layer of ______________ and _____________. It allows for selective diffusion. | blood vessels; endothelial tissue |
| O2, CO2 , glucose, alcohol, steroids, nicotine, caffeine: These are the __________ transport in BBB. | fastest |
| BBB never transports __________ and _____________. | Proteins; anti-biotics |
| ______________ is a clear, colorless liquid primarily made of water | Cerobrospinal Fluid |
| The total volume of CSF is __________ | 80-150 mL |
| The CSF is found inside the ventricles and provides ____________ , ___________, and _________. | oxygen, glucose and ions |
| Functions of CSF include _____________ , _____________, and _________________. | mechanical protection, chemical protection, circulation |
| In CSF this function is a shock absorber and it allows structures to "float" in space. | Mechanical Protection |
| In CSF this function maintains normal chemical environment and essential in producing neuronal signals | Chemical Protection |
| In CSF this function is responsible for the exchange of nutrients and waste Immune response | Circulation |
| The Brainstem is composed of ________, _____________, and ____________. All three parts contain _____________. | Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata, reticular formations. |
| In the brainstem, what is the web of grey and white matter? | Reticular Formation |
| The Medulla Oblongata contains all _____________ and _____________ tracts of CNS | sensory, motor |
| The Medulla Oblongata is continuous with the spinal cord __________ and pons ____________. | inferiorly, superiorly |
| What are the anterior bulges in medulla? | Pyramids |
| Pyramids are formed by?? | corticospinal tracts |
| How are the decussation (movement) of pyramids? | right to left/left to right and 90% of tracts move to opposite side. |
| Medulla also contains ________ (group of neuronal somas) | nuclei |
| Nuclei control vital body functions such as: | - Heartbeat and heart rate (Cardiovascular center) - Rate and rhythm of beating (Respiratory center) - Vomiting (Vomiting center) - Swallowing (Deglutition center) |
| What are the other nuclei in the medulla? | Gracilis nucleus – dorsal column medial lemniscus of LE Cuneate nucleus – dorsal column medial lemniscus of UE Gustatory nucleus – taste Cochlear nucleus – hearing Vestibular nucleus – body position |
| (in brainstem) The nuclei of Cranial Nerves: | Cortex = CN 1 and 2 Midbrain =CN 3 and 4 Pons = CN 5, 6, 7, 8 Medulla = CN 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 |
| Pons consists of _______ and __________. | nuclei, tracts |
| Pons Connects the _________ to ___________ + Connects the two __________ hemispheres | medulla, midbrain, cerebellar |
| Pons contains two regions which are _________ and ________ regions. | ventral, dorsal |
| Which region of the pons contain the nuclei? | ventral |
| Which region of the pons contains the ascending and descending tracks? | dorsal |
| Pons contains the following nuclei: | Pontine nuclei – synaptic relay station between regions (ventral) Pontine Respiratory group – breathing |
| The midbrain extends from _________ to ________________. | pons, diencephalon |
| The midbrain contains ______________ and ______________. | Cerebral peduncles, Tectum |
| Cerebral peduncles – contains the following tracts: | - Corticospinal - Corticobulbar - Corticopontine |
| Tectum – contains the following tracts: | - Superior Colliculi – vision - Inferior Colliculi – hearing |
| What are the nuclei in the midbrain? | - Substantia nigra – dopamine centers - Red nuclei – regulate cerebellar to cortical impulses |
| The Reticular Formation contains __________ and __________ tracts? | sensory, motor |
| The Reticular Formation also contains the Reticular Activating System (RAS) which has two tracts: __________________ and _______________. | ascending, descending |
| The Reticular Activating System (RAS) is responsible for: | - Consciousness - Arousal (ascending tract) - Attention - Sensory Regulation - Muscle Tone (descending tract) |
| What is the second largest structure of the brain? | Cerebellum |
| The cerebellum is found ___________ and _______________. | inferiorly, posteriorly |
| The cerebellum has ________ of brain mass but contains half of the ______________. | tenth, neurons |
| The cerebellum is separated from the cerebrum by the _______________. | transverse fissure |
| What are the parts of the cerebellum? | vermis, cerebellar hemispheres, cerebellar peduncles. |
| Which part of the cerebellum is the “worm”, central portion? | Vermis |
| Which part of the cerebellum are the “wings”? | Cerebellar hemispheres, contains anterior and posterior lobes. |
| Which part of the cerebellum attach cerebellum to brainstem? | Cerebellar peduncles |
| What are the functions of the cerebellum? | - Initiation and execution of movement =Smooth movement, Coordination, Sequencing - Posture and balance - Cognition - Language Processing |
| The diencephalon contains 3 parts: | - Thalamus - Hypothalamus - Epithalamus |
| The thalamus comprises ______ of the diencephalon | 80% |
| The Thalamus has the ________________ which connects right and left hemispheres | Interthalamic adhesion |
| The Thalamus has the ________________ which divide the thalamus into left and right | Internal Medullary Lamina |
| The Thalamus has the ________________ which has thick band of white matter around thalamus | Internal capsule |
| Functions of the Thalamus: | Emotion and memory (anterior nucleus) Learning, emotions, memory, cognition (medial nucleus) Integration of sensory stimuli (lateral thalamic group) Movement, hearing, and vision (ventral group) |
| Functions of the Thalamus: (continuation) | Arousal (intralaminar nuclei) Memory and olfaction (midline nucleus) Regulation center of other thalamic parts (reticular nucleus) |
| The Hypothalmus is composed of four (4) regions: | Mamillary region – reflexes related to smell (gag, cough, sneeze) Tuberal region – connects pituitary gland 3 & 4. Supraoptic region and Preoptic region – vision |
| Functions of the hypothalmus: | Control of Autonomic Nervous System Hunger and Thirst Temperature Sleeping Patterns Hormonal Production |
| The Epithalmus consists of ____________ which produces melatonin and ____________ controls emotion and olfaction. | pineal gland, habenular nuclei |
| The Epithalmus has Circumventricular Organs, which monitors changes in: | - Blood chemistry - BBB - Homeostasis |
| Which brain part is the "seat of intelligence"? | Cerebrum |
| The cerebrum is composed of __________________ and _______________. | - External cerebral cortex, - Internal layer of cerebral white matter and gray matter |
| In the cerebrum, which part/region is of outer gray matter? | Cerebral Cortex |
| The Cerebral cortex contains: | - Folds (gyrus) - Grooves (fissure and sulcus) =Longitudinal fissure – separates the cortex in right and left + Central sulcus – separates cortex into front and back |
| What are the 4 lobes of the cerebrum? | Frontal, Parietal, Temporal and Occipital Lobe. |
| The (internal) cerebral white matter primarily contains ______________. | myelinated axons |
| The cerebral white matter also has ___________, ______________, and _____________ tracts. | - Association tracts – between gyri - Commissural tracts – between hemispheres = Corpus Callosum, Anterior Commissure, Posterior Commisure - Projection tracts – between brain sections |
| The Basal Nuclei ( a group of subcortical structures found deep within the white matter of the brain. found near the center of your brain that form important connections) contains Three (3) collective masses of gray matter: | - Globus Pallidus - Putamen - Caudate Nucleus |
| {Basal Nuclei} GP + Putamen = __________________ Lentiform nucleus + Caudate Nucleus = ___________________ | Lentiform Nucleus, Corpus Striatum |
| Functions of cerebrum | - Regulation of initiation and termination of movement - Refinement of movement - Muscle tone - Automatic movement = “True laughter” + Automatic arm swings - Cognition: planning, attention, memory, and emotional behavior. |
| The limbic system (part of the brain involved in our behavioural and emotional responses) functions: | - Emotions: pain, pleasure, docility, affection, anger. - Memory processing and storage - Reward system - Smell memory |
| Components of limbic system: | - Limbic lobe = Cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, hippocampus - Dentate gyrus - Amygdala - Septal Nuclei - Mamillary bodies - Olfactory bulbs |
| The brain is separated into areas of different functions, ______________ receive and process sensory stimulus. | Sensory Areas |
| The brain is separated into areas of different functions, ______________ responsible for execution of voluntary movements | Motor Areas |
| The brain is separated into areas of different functions, ______________ responsible for integration of complex functions. | Association Area Ex. Memory, judgment, reasoning, personality, and intelligence |
| The sensory, motor, association areas are called “_____________” – Korbinian Brodmann | Brodmann Areas |
| The Sensory Areas: | Primary Sensory Area (Areas 3, 1, 2) Somatic sensation - Primary Sensory Area (Areas 3, 1, 2)=Somatic sensation - Primary Visual Area (Area 17) =Visual perception - Primary Auditory Area (Areas 41 and 42)=Auditory perception |
| The Sensory Areas: (continuation) | - Primary Gustatory Area (Area 43) =Taste perception -Primary Olfactory Area (Area 28)=Smell perception |
| Motor Areas: | Primary Motor Area (Area 4) Movement execution -Primary Motor Area (Area 4)=Movement execution - Premotor Cortex (Area 6)=Movement planning -Broca’s Speech Area (Area 44 and 45)=Production of movements to produce speech |
| Association areas: | - Somatosensory Areas= Memory of sensations, position in space, and shape recognition. - Visual Association Area=Object recognition. - Auditory Association Area=Recognition of music, speech, and noise. |
| Association areas: (continuation) | - Wernicke’s Area=Meaning of language and speech. - Frontal Eye Field Area=Conjugate movement of the eyes. |
| What are the 4 types of brain waves? | Alpha,Beta, Theta and Delta Waves |
| Alpha waves= | Present in awake individuals. |
| Beta Waves= | Periods of sensory and mental activity. |
| Theta Waves= | Emotional distress. |
| Delta Waves= | -Deep sleep but normal in awake infants. -Indicates brain damage in adults. |
| What is sudden brain damage? | Cerebrovascular Accident/Stroke |
| Signs and Symptomps of Cerebrovascular Accident/Stroke are _________________ and ________________. | Paralysis, Paresthesia |
| Cerebrovascular Accident/Stroke causes:________________ ,_____________ , and _______________ | brain hemorrhage, embolus, atherosclerosis |
| _________________ is a short term stroke, resolves in 24 hours | Transient Ischemic Attach (TIA) |
| What is Alzheimer’s Disease? | Progressive memory loss, Usually brought about by old age |
| What are the causes of Alzheimer’s Disease? | - loss of neurons - deterioration of hippocampus - beta-amyloid plaques -neurofibrillary tangles |
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