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Psych Law Chapter 7
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| criminal profiling | an investigative strategy used by law enforcement agencies to identify likely suspects and has been used by investigators to link cases that may have been committed by the same perpetrator |
| mass murderer | kills four or more victims in one location during a period of time that lasts anywhere form a few minutes to several hours |
| spree killers | special form of mass murderers: attackers who kill victims at two or more different locations with no "cooling-off" interval between murders |
| serial killers | killers that select a certain type of victim who fulfills a role in the killer's fantasies; cooling-off periods between serial murders, which are usually better planned than mass or spree killings |
| truth bias | people were biased towards judging statements as being truthful |
| lie bias | bias towards judging statements as lies, even when they are true; police officers are trained to have this bias |
| polygraph | lie-detector; computer-based machine that measures blood pressure, electrodermal activity, and respiratory changes during questioning |
| Control Question Test (CQT) | aka comparison question test; most popular approach to polygraphic examinations; asks relevant Qs (inquire about crime under investigation) and comparison Qs (not directly concerned with the crime but are designed to induce emotional reaction) |
| Concealed Information Test (CIT) | detect presence of concealed information in suspect's mind, not to detect lying; relies on accumulation of facts that are known only by the police, criminal, and any surviving victims; multiple choice |
| cognitive load | the amount of working memory being used, like the RAM in your computer, only for the human brain |
| diagnostic cues | cues that show a suspect is lying |
| functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) | measure brain activity without opening the skull or exposing the brain cells to harmful radiation; using the blood's magnetic properties to detect changes in blood flow related to brain activity; tell which regions of the brain are more active than others |
| external validity | the extent to which you can generalize the findings of a study to other situations, people, settings and measures |
| countermeasures | an action or device designed to negate or offset another; to make it seem like you're not lying |
| brain fingerprinting | uses event-related brain potentials to determine what information is stored in a person's brain. This is based on how the brain processes specific information such as the features of a crime that are presented on a computer screen. |
| false denials | when guilty suspects proclaim their innocence and deny involvement in actual crimes |
| false confessions | when innocent suspects confess to alleged crimes |
| negative incentives | accusations, attacks on denials, and evidence fabrications convey to the suspect that there is no choice but to confess |
| positive inducements | motivate suspect to see that an admission is in their best interest; implicitly or explicitly send message that the suspect will receive some benefit in exchange for an admission of wrongdoing |
| fabricated evidence | fake evidence |
| behavioral confirmation | self-fulfilling prophecy; investigator assumes suspect is guilty and conducts questioning to make suspect admit guilt |
| evidence ploys | false claims to have evidence that implicates the suspect in the crime |
| voluntary false confessions | people willingly confess to a crime they never committed to cleanse themselves of guilt feelings from previous wrongdoings, to protect real criminal, difficulty distinguishing fact from fiction |
| compliant false confessions | suspect induced to comply with interrogator's demands to make an incriminating statement |
| internalized false confessions | after hours of being questioned, badgered, and told stories bout what "must have happened," suspects begin to develop a profound distrust of their own memory |
| fundamental attribution error | people do not give sufficient weight to the external situation as a determinant of behavior; instead, they believe the behavior is caused by stable, internal factors unique to the actor |
| illusory causation | tendency to attribute causation to one stimulus because it is more conspicuous than others |
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