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Psych Law Chapter 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| adversarial system | exhibits, evidence, and witnesses are assembled by representatives of one side or the other to convince the fact finder (judge or jury) that their side's viewpoint is the correct one |
| inquisitorial system | judge has more control over the proceedings (questions the parties and witnesses, controls presentation of evidence and arguments) |
| black-letter law | law on the books; law as set down by founding fathers in Constitution, as written by legislators, and as interpreted by judges |
| intention | showing that suspect not merely thought about crime but actually tried to accomplish it |
| attribution theory | how people explain others' intentions |
| internality | one part of attribution theory; whether we explain cause of an event as due to something internal to a person or to the environment |
| stability | one part of attribution theory; whether we see the cause of a behavior as enduring or merely temporary |
| globalness | one part of attribution theory; whether we see the cause as specific to a limited situation or applicable to all situations |
| distributive justice | person will be more accepting of decisions and more likely to believe that disputes have been resolved appropriately if the outcome seems just |
| procedural justice | if individuals view the procedures of dispute resolution or decision-making as fair, then they will view the outcome as just regardless of whether it favors them or not |
| commonsense justice | ordinary citizens' basic notions of what is just and fair |
| diversion | alternative justice system like specialty courts; deals with underlying reasons that individuals commit crimes in the first place |
| extralegal factors | factors that have nothing to do with the law or the trial (e.g. how attractive the expert witness is) |
| legal formalism | perspective that judges apply legal rulings to the facts of a case in a careful, rational, mechanical way and pay little heed to political or social influences on, or implications of, their judgments |
| legal realism | judges' decisions are influenced by a variety of psychological, social, and political factors, and that judges indeed are concerned about the real-world ramifications of their decisions |
| in-group bias | tendency to favor one's own group |
| motivated reasoning | info congruent with a particular goal is disproportionately attended to and valued, while incongruent evidence is dismissed |
| intuitive processes | occur spontaneously, often without careful thought or effort |
| deliberative processes | involves mental effort, concentration, motivation, and application of learned rules |
| self-determination theory of optimal motivation | situational and personality factors that cause positive and negative motivation and, eventually, changes in subjective well-being |
| intrinsic motivation | engaging in an activity because it is interesting and enjoyable |
| extrinsic motivation | pursuing goals that would please and impress others/for a reward/to avoid punishment |
| therapeutic jurisprudence | notion that the law can serve therapeutic purposes; identifies emotional consequences of legal matters and asks whether the law can be interpreted, applied, or enforced in ways that maximize its therapeutic, or healing, effects |
| confirmation bias | seek information that supports their misguided choices and avoid information that would be useful |
| probabilistic estimates | correct answer is not yet known |
| overconfidence bias | more confident than is warranted by the outcomes; we're usually more confident about outcomes in the distant future than the near future |
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