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Psych Law Chapter 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| forensic psychologist | person who generates and communicates information to answer specific legal questions or to help resolve legal disputes |
| due process model | favored in 1960s; places primary value on the protection of citizens, from possible abuses by the police and law enforcement system; assumes innocence of suspects and requires that they be treated fairly by criminal justice system |
| crime control model | favored in 1990s; seeks apprehension and punishment of law-breakers; emphasizes efficient detection of suspects and effective prosecution of defendants to help ensure criminal activity is contained or reduced |
| equality | all people who commit the same crime should receive the same consequences |
| discretion | considering the circumstances of certain offenders and offenses to determine the appropriate consequences for wrongdoing |
| principle of proportionality | punishment should be consistently related to the magnitude of the offense |
| sentencing disparity | tendency for judges to administer a variety of penalties for the same crime |
| racial bias | police officers, prosecutors, jurors, and judges use an individual's race as a basis for judging his or her behavior |
| implicit bias | unconscious bias |
| determinate sentencing | offense determines the sentence, and judges and parole commissions have little discretion |
| procedural justice | when both sides of a case are able to voice their parts fully, they think the system has been fair |
| settlement negotiation | lengthy pretrial process of give-and-take, offer-and-demand that ends when plaintiff agrees to accept what a defendant is willing to offer to end legal disagreement |
| amicus curiae brief | "friend of the court" brief; American Psychological Association created this document to provide information from psychological science and practice relevant to the issues in a particular case |
| precedents | rulings in previous cases; used for guidance in current cases |
| case law | law made by judges ruling in individual cases |
| stare decisis | "let the decision stand;" reflecting importance of abiding by previous decisions |
| randomized controlled trials (RCT) | subjects are randomly assigned to one of two groups: experimental group receiving the intervention that is being tested, and control receiving an alternative (conventional) treatment; gain knowledge about what works in legal system and what doesn't |
| basic scientist | pursues knowledge for its own sake |
| applied scientist | applying knowledge to solve real-life problems |
| expert witness | someone who possesses specialized knowledge about a subject that the average person does not have |
| policy evaluator | provides data to answer Qs such as "I have instituted a policy; how do I know whether it was effective? I want to make a change in our organizations' procedures, but before I do, how do I design it so I will be able to determine later whether it worked?" |
| forensic mental health assessment | a form of evaluation performed by a mental health professional to provide relevant clinical and scientific data to a legal decision maker or the litigants involved in civil or criminal proceedings |
| forensic evaluators | either court-appointed or hired by one of the parties involved in the litigation (defense, prosecution, or plaintiff); a psychiatrist or licensed psychologist to evaluate whether a criminal defendant is incompetent to stand trial |
| trial consulting | the use of social scientists, particularly psychologists and communication experts, and economists, to aid attorneys in the presentation of a criminal trial or civil lawsuit. |
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