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To organize and interpret his or her experiences, the developing child constructs concepts or mental
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The awareness that things continue to exist even when they are removed from view is called
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Psyc Test 2 Prep
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| To organize and interpret his or her experiences, the developing child constructs concepts or mental models called | schemas |
| The awareness that things continue to exist even when they are removed from view is called | object permanence |
| Preschoolers have difficulty perceiving things from another person’s point of view. This inability is called | egocentrism |
| Compared to when he was younger, 4 year-old Antonio is better able to empathize with his friend’s feelings. This growing ability to take another’s perspective indicates that Antonio is acquiring a | theory of mind |
| As 8 year-old Gabriella observes, liquid is transferred from a tall, thin tube into a short, wide jar. She is asked if there is now less liquid in order to determine if she has mastered the concept of | conservation |
| In Piaget’s final stage, the __ __ stage, reasoning expands from the purely concrete to encompass ___ thinking. | formal operational; abstract |
| The development of a strong emotional bond between infant and parent is called | attachment |
| The Harlows’ studies of monkeys have shown that mother-infant attachment does not depend on the mother providing nourishment as much as it does on her providing | contact comfort |
| According to Erikson, securely attached infants approach life with a sense of | basic trust |
| Parents who impose rules and expect obedience are exhibiting a(n) _____ style of parenting. | authoritarian |
| Parents who make few demands of their children and tend to submit to their children’s desires are identified as ____ parents | permissive |
| Setting and enforcing standards after discussion with their children is the approach taken by _____ parents. | authoritative |
| Although older adults are ____ susceptible to life-threatening ailments, they suffer from short-term ailments such as flu ___ often than younger adults. | more; less |
| The speed of neural processing ___ during late adulthood. Studies of developmental changes in learning and memory show that during adulthood there is a decline in the ability to ____ new information but not in the ability to ____ such information | slows; recall; recognize |
| Which statement illustrates cognitive development during the course of adult life? | 43 year-old Sophia has better recall than 72 year-old Kylie. |
| Piaget held that egocentrism is characteristic of the | Preoperational stage. |
| During which stage of cognitive development do children begin to show object permanence? | Sensorimotor |
| The Harlows’ studies of attachment in monkeys showed that | A cloth mother produced the greatest attachment response. |
| The developmental theorist who suggested that securely attached children develop an attitude of basic trust is | Erikson |
| According to Piaget, the ability to reason abstractly is characteristic of the stage of | Formal operations |
| The cognitive ability that has been shown to decline during adulthood is the ability to | Recall new information. |
| Stranger anxiety develops soon after | The concept of object permanence. |
| Before Piaget, people were more likely to believe that | The child’s mind is a miniature model of the adult’s. |
| Which is the correct sequence of stages in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development? | Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational |
| The term critical period refers to | A restricted time for learning. |
| Stage theories have been criticized because they fail to consider that development may be significantly affected by | Variations in the social clock. Each individual’s experiences. Each individual’s historical and cultural setting. |
| Sex is to ________ characteristics as gender is to ________ characteristics. | biologically influenced; socially influenced |
| In laboratory experiments, men have been found to be ________ willing than women to blast people with what they believed was intense and prolonged noise. Outside the laboratory they have been found to be ________ willing than women to support war. | more; more |
| Compared with boys, girls are more likely to play in ________ groups. | small |
| Compared with females, males use conversation to | communicate solutions. |
| The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals is | sensation |
| The process by which sensations are organized and interpreted is | perception |
| The process of changing one form of energy into the form that your brain can use is called | transduction |
| The retina’s receptor cells are the | rods and cones |
| Where the optic nerve leaves the eye there are no receptors; thus, the area is called the | blind_ _spot_. |
| It is the __ of the eye that permit the perception of color: ____enable black and white vision. | cones; rods |
| The outer ear channels sound waves toward the ____, a tight membrane that then vibrates. | eardrum |
| Which of the following is an example of sensory interaction? | Finding that despite its delicious aroma, a weird-looking meal tastes awful Finding that food tastes bland when you have a bad cold Finding it difficult to maintain your balance when you have an ear infection |
| When we view a scene, we see the central object, or _____, as distinct from its surroundings, or the _____. | Figure; ground |
| If two objects are presumed to be the same size, the one that casts a smaller retinal image is perceived as farther away: | relative size |
| An object partially covered by another is seen as farther away: | interposition |
| Parallel lines appear to converge in the distance: | linear perspective |
| Walking down the street, you see a pole that seems to partially cover a wall. You perceive the pole as _____ than the wall. | nearer |
| An artist paints a tree orchard so that the parallel rows of trees converge at the top of the canvas. The artist has used the monocular cue of ____ to convey distance. | linear perspective |
| The size of the pupil is controlled by the | iris |
| The receptor of the eye that functions best in dim light is the | Rod. |
| Which of the following correctly lists the order of structures through which sound travels after entering the ear? | Auditory canal, eardrum, middle ear, cochlea |
| The transduction of light energy into nerve impulses takes place in the | retina |
| The term gestalt means | Whole. |
| Figures tend to be perceived as whole, complete objects, even if spaces or gaps exist in the representation, thus demonstrating the principle of | Closure |
| When we stare at an object, each eye receives a slightly different image, providing a depth cue known as | Retinal disparity. |
| Figure is to ground as _____ is to _____. | Cloud; sky |
| Which of the following influences perception? | Biological maturation The context in which stimuli are perceived Expectations |
| The receptors for taste are located in the | Taste buds. |
| Which of the following is the correct order of the structures through which light passes after entering the eye? | Cornea, pupil, lens, retina |
| The tendency to organize stimuli into smooth, uninterrupted patterns is called | Continuity |
| The phenomenon that refers to the ways in which an individual’s expectations influence perceptions is called: | Perceptual set. |
| Two relatively rare sleep disorders are narcolepsy and sleep apnea. With narcolepsy, the person _____; with sleep apnea, the person _____. | Suffers periodic sleepiness; stops breathing every few minutes or so |
| According to Freud, dreams are the key to understanding our inner conflicts. In interpreting dreams, Freud was most interested in their | Latent content or symbolic meaning. |
| Research on sleep and dreams indicates that: | none of these |
| Growth hormone secretions peak in women at predictable hours of each night. This best illustrates the dynamics of the: | circadian rhythm. |
| After the first thirty to forty-five minutes of sleep, you have progressed from NREM-1 to NREM-3 sleep. After this, you ______. | progress back up the ladder from NREM-3 to NREM-2 to NREM-1 |
| The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously is called | parallel processing. |
| Adding two large numbers together by consciously focusing on and solving each subcomponent of the task in serial order best illustrates | sequential processing. |
| Compared with parallel processing, sequential processing tends to be ________ conscious and better for solving ________ problems. | more; novel |
| With the approach of night, our body temperature begins to drop. This best illustrates the dynamics of the | circadian rhythm. |
| Sensory experiences that occur without an external sensory stimulus are called | hallucinations. |
| Hypnagogic sensations are most closely associated with ________ sleep. | NREM-1 |
| The circadian rhythm is influenced by light-sensitive retinal proteins that trigger signals to the | suprachiasmatic nucleus. |
| People who regularly sleep less than normal experience a(n) ________ risk of depression and a(n) ________ risk of gaining weight. | increased; increased |
| Brain regions that are active as people learn to perform a visual-discrimination task are especially likely to be active again later as they experience | REM sleep. |
| Dr. Birkin's major research interest is the development of motor skills in children. It is most likely that Dr. Birkin is a ________ psychologist. | developmental |
| The brain’s development of new neural connections in response to experience is said to demonstrate what is known as | plasticity. |
| A critical period is a phase during which | exposure to certain experiences is needed for proper development. |
| Two-year-old Anna perceives her parents as cold and rejecting. This is most indicative of | insecure attachment. |
| Children's sense that their parents are trustworthy and dependable is most indicative of | secure attachment. |
| The McDougals use harsh discipline on their children and demand unquestioning obedience. Psychologists are likely to characterize the McDougals as ________ parents. | authoritarian |
| Marissa resents the burden and constraints of caring for her infant daughter and frequently ignores her cries for attention. As a consequence, her daughter is most likely to display signs of | insecure attachment. |
| Physical exercise in late adulthood has been found to | enhance muscle strength. help prevent heart attacks. stimulate brain cell development. |
| The process by which our sensory systems transform stimulus energies into neural impulses is called | transduction. |
| Although Sue Yen sees her chemistry professor several times a week, she didn't recognize the professor when she saw her in the grocery store. This best illustrates the importance of | context effects. |
| The principles of continuity and closure best illustrate that | sensations are organized into meaningful patterns. |
| The same brand of chocolate truffles tasted better to Julia when she thought they cost $20 a pound than when she thought they cost half that much. This best illustrates the impact of | top-down processing. |
| Thinking about abstract concepts, such as “freedom” | formal operational |
| Enjoying imaginary play (such as dress-up) | preoperational |
| Understanding that physical properties stay the same even when objects change in form | concrete operational |
| Being able to reverse math operations | concrete operational |
| Understanding that something is not gone for good when it disappears from sight, as when Mom “disappears” behind the shower curtain | sensorimotor |
| Having difficulty taking another’s point of view (as when blocking someone’s view of the TV and not realizing it) | preoperational |
| (Men/Women) are more likely to commit relational aggression, and (men/women) are more likely to commit physical aggression. | Women; men |
Created by:
EmilyM2006