Psyc Test 2 Prep

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Question

Answer

To organize and interpret his or her experiences, the developing child constructs concepts or mental models called

schemas

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The awareness that things continue to exist even when they are removed from view is called

object permanence

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Preschoolers have difficulty perceiving things from another person’s point of view. This inability is called

egocentrism

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Compared to when he was younger, 4 year-old Antonio is better able to empathize with his friend’s feelings. This growing ability to take another’s perspective indicates that Antonio is acquiring a

theory of mind

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As 8 year-old Gabriella observes, liquid is transferred from a tall, thin tube into a short, wide jar. She is asked if there is now less liquid in order to determine if she has mastered the concept of

conservation

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In Piaget’s final stage, the __ __ stage, reasoning expands from the purely concrete to encompass ___ thinking.

formal operational; abstract

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The development of a strong emotional bond between infant and parent is called

attachment

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The Harlows’ studies of monkeys have shown that mother-infant attachment does not depend on the mother providing nourishment as much as it does on her providing

contact comfort

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According to Erikson, securely attached infants approach life with a sense of

basic trust

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Parents who impose rules and expect obedience are exhibiting a(n) _____ style of parenting.

authoritarian

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Parents who make few demands of their children and tend to submit to their children’s desires are identified as ____ parents

permissive

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Setting and enforcing standards after discussion with their children is the approach taken by _____ parents.

authoritative

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Although older adults are ____ susceptible to life-threatening ailments, they suffer from short-term ailments such as flu ___ often than younger adults.

more; less

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The speed of neural processing ___ during late adulthood. Studies of developmental changes in learning and memory show that during adulthood there is a decline in the ability to ____ new information but not in the ability to ____ such information

slows; recall; recognize

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Which statement illustrates cognitive development during the course of adult life?

43 year-old Sophia has better recall than 72 year-old Kylie.

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Piaget held that egocentrism is characteristic of the

Preoperational stage.

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During which stage of cognitive development do children begin to show object permanence?

Sensorimotor

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The Harlows’ studies of attachment in monkeys showed that

A cloth mother produced the greatest attachment response.

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The developmental theorist who suggested that securely attached children develop an attitude of basic trust is

Erikson

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According to Piaget, the ability to reason abstractly is characteristic of the stage of

Formal operations

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The cognitive ability that has been shown to decline during adulthood is the ability to

Recall new information.

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Stranger anxiety develops soon after

The concept of object permanence.

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Before Piaget, people were more likely to believe that

The child’s mind is a miniature model of the adult’s.

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Which is the correct sequence of stages in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development?

Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

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The term critical period refers to

A restricted time for learning.

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Stage theories have been criticized because they fail to consider that development may be significantly affected by

Variations in the social clock. Each individual’s experiences. Each individual’s historical and cultural setting.

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Sex is to ________ characteristics as gender is to ________ characteristics.

biologically influenced; socially influenced

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In laboratory experiments, men have been found to be ________ willing than women to blast people with what they believed was intense and prolonged noise. Outside the laboratory they have been found to be ________ willing than women to support war.

more; more

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Compared with boys, girls are more likely to play in ________ groups.

small

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Compared with females, males use conversation to

communicate solutions.

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The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals is

sensation

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The process by which sensations are organized and interpreted is

perception

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The process of changing one form of energy into the form that your brain can use is called

transduction

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The retina’s receptor cells are the

rods and cones

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Where the optic nerve leaves the eye there are no receptors; thus, the area is called the

blind_ _spot_.

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It is the __ of the eye that permit the perception of color: ____enable black and white vision.

cones; rods

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The outer ear channels sound waves toward the ____, a tight membrane that then vibrates.

eardrum

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Which of the following is an example of sensory interaction?

Finding that despite its delicious aroma, a weird-looking meal tastes awful Finding that food tastes bland when you have a bad cold Finding it difficult to maintain your balance when you have an ear infection

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When we view a scene, we see the central object, or _____, as distinct from its surroundings, or the _____.

Figure; ground

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If two objects are presumed to be the same size, the one that casts a smaller retinal image is perceived as farther away:

relative size

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An object partially covered by another is seen as farther away:

interposition

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Parallel lines appear to converge in the distance:

linear perspective

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Walking down the street, you see a pole that seems to partially cover a wall. You perceive the pole as _____ than the wall.

nearer

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An artist paints a tree orchard so that the parallel rows of trees converge at the top of the canvas. The artist has used the monocular cue of ____ to convey distance.

linear perspective

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The size of the pupil is controlled by the

iris

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The receptor of the eye that functions best in dim light is the

Rod.

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Which of the following correctly lists the order of structures through which sound travels after entering the ear?

Auditory canal, eardrum, middle ear, cochlea

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The transduction of light energy into nerve impulses takes place in the

retina

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The term gestalt means

Whole.

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Figures tend to be perceived as whole, complete objects, even if spaces or gaps exist in the representation, thus demonstrating the principle of

Closure

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When we stare at an object, each eye receives a slightly different image, providing a depth cue known as

Retinal disparity.

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Figure is to ground as _____ is to _____.

Cloud; sky

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Which of the following influences perception?

Biological maturation The context in which stimuli are perceived Expectations

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The receptors for taste are located in the

Taste buds.

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Which of the following is the correct order of the structures through which light passes after entering the eye?

Cornea, pupil, lens, retina

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The tendency to organize stimuli into smooth, uninterrupted patterns is called

Continuity

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The phenomenon that refers to the ways in which an individual’s expectations influence perceptions is called:

Perceptual set.

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Two relatively rare sleep disorders are narcolepsy and sleep apnea. With narcolepsy, the person _____; with sleep apnea, the person _____.

Suffers periodic sleepiness; stops breathing every few minutes or so

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According to Freud, dreams are the key to understanding our inner conflicts. In interpreting dreams, Freud was most interested in their

Latent content or symbolic meaning.

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Research on sleep and dreams indicates that:

none of these

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Growth hormone secretions peak in women at predictable hours of each night. This best illustrates the dynamics of the:

circadian rhythm.

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After the first thirty to forty-five minutes of sleep, you have progressed from NREM-1 to NREM-3 sleep. After this, you ______.

progress back up the ladder from NREM-3 to NREM-2 to NREM-1

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The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously is called

parallel processing.

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Adding two large numbers together by consciously focusing on and solving each subcomponent of the task in serial order best illustrates

sequential processing.

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Compared with parallel processing, sequential processing tends to be ________ conscious and better for solving ________ problems.

more; novel

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With the approach of night, our body temperature begins to drop. This best illustrates the dynamics of the

circadian rhythm.

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Sensory experiences that occur without an external sensory stimulus are called

hallucinations.

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Hypnagogic sensations are most closely associated with ________ sleep.

NREM-1

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The circadian rhythm is influenced by light-sensitive retinal proteins that trigger signals to the

suprachiasmatic nucleus.

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People who regularly sleep less than normal experience a(n) ________ risk of depression and a(n) ________ risk of gaining weight.

increased; increased

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Brain regions that are active as people learn to perform a visual-discrimination task are especially likely to be active again later as they experience

REM sleep.

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Dr. Birkin's major research interest is the development of motor skills in children. It is most likely that Dr. Birkin is a ________ psychologist.

developmental

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The brain’s development of new neural connections in response to experience is said to demonstrate what is known as

plasticity.

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A critical period is a phase during which

exposure to certain experiences is needed for proper development.

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Two-year-old Anna perceives her parents as cold and rejecting. This is most indicative of

insecure attachment.

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Children's sense that their parents are trustworthy and dependable is most indicative of

secure attachment.

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The McDougals use harsh discipline on their children and demand unquestioning obedience. Psychologists are likely to characterize the McDougals as ________ parents.

authoritarian

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Marissa resents the burden and constraints of caring for her infant daughter and frequently ignores her cries for attention. As a consequence, her daughter is most likely to display signs of

insecure attachment.

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Physical exercise in late adulthood has been found to

enhance muscle strength. help prevent heart attacks. stimulate brain cell development.

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The process by which our sensory systems transform stimulus energies into neural impulses is called

transduction.

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Although Sue Yen sees her chemistry professor several times a week, she didn't recognize the professor when she saw her in the grocery store. This best illustrates the importance of

context effects.

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The principles of continuity and closure best illustrate that

sensations are organized into meaningful patterns.

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The same brand of chocolate truffles tasted better to Julia when she thought they cost $20 a pound than when she thought they cost half that much. This best illustrates the impact of

top-down processing.

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Thinking about abstract concepts, such as “freedom”

formal operational

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Enjoying imaginary play (such as dress-up)

preoperational

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Understanding that physical properties stay the same even when objects change in form

concrete operational

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Being able to reverse math operations

concrete operational

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Understanding that something is not gone for good when it disappears from sight, as when Mom “disappears” behind the shower curtain

sensorimotor

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Having difficulty taking another’s point of view (as when blocking someone’s view of the TV and not realizing it)

preoperational

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(Men/Women) are more likely to commit relational aggression, and (men/women) are more likely to commit physical aggression.

Women; men

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Created by: EmilyM2006