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Autosomes are chromosomes that are...
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In dominant–recessive inheritance, the one allele that affects the child’s characteristics is called __________.
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Psych 201
BYUI developmental psych class
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Autosomes are chromosomes that are... | -for normal cells -not sex cells |
| In dominant–recessive inheritance, the one allele that affects the child’s characteristics is called __________. | Dominant |
| Studies of mutation demonstrate that | some mutations occur spontaneously , simply by chance |
| To detect developmental problems before birth, doctors use __________ | Prenatal diagnostic tools |
| Which concept places the most emphasis on bidirectional exchanges between heredity and the environment? | Epigenesis : environment triggers certain traits to appear. |
| __________ is the least-developed of the newborn baby’s senses. | Vision |
| __________ supplementation early in pregnancy reduces the risk of abnormalities of the neural tube, the circulatory system, and the urinary tract. | Folic Acid |
| The fetus reaches the age of viability from between | 22-26 weeks (the earliest age a child can survive premature birth) |
| Which is more dangerous being born prematurely or born small-for date? | small-for-date |
| Small-for-date infants __________ than preterm infants. | usually have longer lasting difficulties |
| Cigarette smoking.... the risk of SIDS | doubles it! |
| The_______________ contains the greatest number of neurons and synapses. | cerebral cortex |
| Experience-dependent brain growth results from __________. | specific learning experiences that vary widely across individuals and cultures |
| Children who experienced marasmus or kwashiorkor display __________ | a more intense stress response |
| According to Piaget cognitive-developmental theory, a scheme is __________. | an organized way of making sense of experience |
| In Substage 5 of the sensorimotor period, toddlers __________. | repeat behaviors with variation (Tertiary Circular Reactions) |
| _________ can be thought of as a “mental workspace” that we use to accomplish many activities in daily life. | Working memory |
| In which substage is make-believe play made possible? | Mental Representation stage (18mon - 2yr) |
| At all ages, __________ develops ahead of __________. | comprehension; production |
| Between 18 and 24 months, toddlers gain __________ words per __________ | one to two; day |
| Infant-directed speech and parent–child conversation __________. | create a zone of proximal development in which children’s language expands |
| The ____________maintains alertness and consciousness | the reticular formation |
| The most obvious change as children move from the sensorimotor to the preoperational stage is an increase in __________. | symbolic activity |
| Preschoolers who spend more time engaged in __________ play are better at inhibiting impulses and regulating emotions. | sociodramatic play |
| Children in the preoperational stage are not able to distinguish others' symbolic viewpoints from their own. | T (theory of mind) |
| Guided participation __________. | is a narrower concept than scaffolding (broader) involves spontaneous interaction with the environment (interaction with others) calls for the verbal presentation of knowledge allows for variations across situations and cultures*** |
| Adults often provide indirect feedback about grammar by using __________, which restructures inaccurate speech into correct form. | recast technique |
| According to Erikson, the psychological conflict of the preschool years is __________. | initiative versus guilt |
| Which is an example of proactive aggression in Sarah? | While Sarah is eating dinner in her high chair, she throws food at her mom to get her attention. |
| Preschoolers distinguish __________, which protect people’s rights and welfare, from __________, which do not violate rights and are up to the individual. | moral imperatives; matters of personal choice |
| Which statement about the authoritative child-rearing style is true? | exert control, yell, command, criticize, and threaten their children. use psychological control, withdrawing love and intruding on the child’s individuality. insist on mature behavior and give reasons for their expectations.** |
| Children from economically advantaged homes are at their healthiest in __________. | middle childhood |
| To test for __________, Piaget asked children to arrange sticks of different lengths from shortest to longest. | seriation |
| A concrete operation child can only seriate with physical objects but cannot yet do so mentally. | True |
| In Sternberg’s triarchic theory of successful intelligence, intelligent behavior involves balancing what three forms of intelligence? | analytical, creative, and practical |
| The Flynn effect is dependent on _________. | the extent of societal modernization |
| According to Erikson, the danger in middle childhood is __________, reflected in the pessimism of children who lack confidence in their ability to do things well. | inferiority |
| School-age children with a strong sense of attachment security and whose parents use a(n) __________ child-rearing style feel especially good about themselves. | authoritative |
| Children who develop __________ believe that ability is fixed and cannot be improved by trying hard. | learned helplessness |
| When classmates are asked to rate each other’s likability, __________ children get many positive votes, whereas __________ children are seldom mentioned. | popular; neglected |
| Research on peer victimization shows that __________. | aggression and victimization are not polar opposites |
| Developmental Science | the study of constancy and change through developmental stages. of the lifespan |
| Freud's psychosexual theory of development would be an example of... | discontinuous theory |
| Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development that uses stages would be an example of | discontinuous theory |
| Piaget's cognitive development theory incorrectly assumes a child's development is _____________ when it could be ____________ | one course; many |
| George Miller's information processing theory describes the human brain as a ___________? | computer, one course, nature, discontinuous theory |
| Evolution theorist base human development off of _______ rather than nurture | nature (DNA) ; Nurture (enviroment) |
| A critical period is | Brain must be exposed to certain stimuli to develop normally during this period. |
| A sensitive period is | An optimal time for certain capacities to emerge Individual is especially responsive to environmental influences Boundaries less well-defined than those of a critical period |
| Vygotsky's sociocultural theory is an example of how ___________ effects development. | nurture |
| Difference between nurture and nature? | nature is DNA, nurture is effects of the environment or others. |
| Developmental psychology studies how many stages of life? | (7) Infancy, early childhood, middle childhood, adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood, late adulthood |
| Developmental psychologists focus on 3 domains in each stage of development these are: | Physical development Cognitive (intellegence) Emotional |
| Freud's psychoanalytical theory emphasizes : | the conflict between biological drive (ID) and social expectations (superego) |
| In Freud's psychoanalytical theory what does the ID represent? Ego? Super EGO? | ID: biological desires, unconscious, impulsive Ego: cognitive conscious functioning that responds to ID while considering super ego Super ego: social and moral ideals that operate at a preconscious level |
| Which stage of Erikson's psychosocial theory are infants in? Early Toddlers? Preschoolers? | 1. Trust v. Mistrust 2. Autonomy v. Shame/doubt 3. Initiative v. guilt |
| Classical conditioning | matches a stimulus to a response. Initial stimulus is paired to natural response and conditions a learned response (Pavlovs Dogs) |
| Operant Conditioning | uses reinforcement methods to change frequency of a behavior. Positive/ Negative reinforcement Positive/ Negative punishment |
| Behaviorism and Social learning theories emphasize _______ and excludes | imitation and modeling; environmental influences and individual's active role. |
| Piaget's stages of Cognitive development were based off of __________ studies of his own children. | observational studies |
| Piaget's 4 stages of Cog. development | 1. Sensorimotor 2. Preoperational 3. Concrete Operational 4. Formal operational |
| Vygotsky's sociocultural theory suggests _____________(especially between novices and experts) is necessary for children to acquire ________ | social interaction; culture |
| What theory suggests Person develops within complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of surrounding environment | Ecological systems theory |
| A person's microsystem may include? Exosystem? Macrosystem? | Immediate family, friends, neighbors extended family, work, community, healthcare country, laws, cultural values. |
| What are the rights of a research participant? | Protection from harm Informed consent Privacy Knowledge of results Beneficial treatments |
| Scientific research always includes: | a hypothesis, Research method and design |
| An observational study where subjects are placed in an environment in hopes they will evoke a certain behavior | structural observational study |
| What is the difference between a clinical interview and a structured interview? | In a structured interview the questions that are asked are the same for all participants. In a clinical interview the participants facilitate the questions. |
| What is a ethnographical study? | One in which the researcher immerses themselves into a culture to better observe behavior. |
| Correlational study show ____________ between two variables but cannot determine the ____________________ relationship. | relationship; cause and effect |
| A strong correlation coefficient would be | r=1 or r=-1 (weak is less than +/- 0.5) |
| Well designed experimental studies include: | random sample of participants Measurable Independent and dependent variables |
| What does the independent variable represent? | The variable manipulated by the experimenter |
| An investigator is interested in studying whether infant child care leads to an insecure attachment bond between children and their mothers during the first year of life as well as into the preschool years. | structured observational study, short longitudinal (follow participants for 3 years) |
| An investigator is interested in studying whether a new drug is as effective as diet and exercise in lowering cholesterol levels in an adult sample. | Experimental study, just adults |
| An investigator is interested in determining whether sociability in children is related to school achievement and whether this relationship, if any, varies for children in preschool, elementary school, and middle school. | ??? Sequential study |
Created by:
laureledlauren