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Dev. Psych. Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Biologic Theory | Genetics Looks at family histories |
| Cognitive Approach | "Faulty" thinking Focuses on correcting thoughts |
| Behaviorism | Made psychology a measurable science B.F. Skinner Focuses on "faulty" behaviors |
| Social Learning Approach | "Monkey see, monkey do" Modeling |
| Psychosexual | Sigmund Freud, Early childhood experiences, Subconscious drives (sex and aggression), 4 stage Psychosexual Theory |
| Psychosocial | Erik Erikson, 8 stage theory, "Task" for every stage of life |
| Multi-Cultural | Focuses on the traditions and beliefs of culture |
| Evolutionary | Role theory (males protect & provide, females nurture & care) Males want to maximize reproduction, females want one good life partner. |
| Objective | No personal opinion, outside the situation |
| Subjective | Influenced by personal opinion, inside the situation |
| Longitudinal Study | Same people over a long period of time Results do not often generalize |
| Cross-Sectional Study | Many people surveyed at one point in time Quick & easy, results usually generalize, but data is not always truthful |
| Random Sample | Every person, regardless of race, gender, SES, etc. has an equal chance of being chosen |
| Generalization of Data | Cannot assume data about a population from one person Must have many people to generalize |
| Case Study | In-depth look into one person or a small group Information is interesting, but results do not generalize |
| Correlational Research | Determines the strength by which two or more variables are related Correlation Coefficient (from -1 to 1, closer to extremes = stronger) Positive correlation = when A increases, B increases, inverse correlation = when A increases, B decreases |
| Experimental Design | The traditional scientific research method, manipulate an independent variable to change a dependent variable |
| Nature Effects | Genetics, based on biology Inherited traits (eye color, IQ, temperament, etc) Determined at conception |
| Fraternal Twins | Two eggs, two sperm Genetically, as similar as regular siblings |
| Identical Twins | 1 egg, 1 sperm, splits into two different people Allow researchers to identify nature vs nurture effects |
| Allow researchers to identify nature vs nurture effects | |
| Nurture | Environmental effects Based on family, where you grew up, education, etc |
| Eggs (ova) | Largest cell in the human body, ~ 450 in women at birth, release 1 per month for around 40 years, reproductive potential is finite, viability of egg - 24 hours |
| Sperm | produced continuously throughout life post-puberty, 525 billion in a lifetime, reproductive potential is limitless, viability of sperm - up to 5 days in the reproductive tract |
| Conception | release 1 egg ~ every 28 days, ovulation occurs on/around day 14 (peak fertility - days 11-17 of the menstrual cycle), fertilization takes place within the Fallopian Tube |
| Period of the Zygote | conception through week 2 massive and rapid cell division, implantation into the uterine wall - Day 10 |
| Embryonic Period (Critical Period) | Weeks 3-8 often takes place outside the mother's awareness, placenta develops (nutrients/hormones), umbilical cord develops (oxygen and blood supply), all 8 organ systems develop |
| Fetal Period | Week 9-birth a period of continued growth Age of Viability: 25 weeks gestation |
| Pregnancy Symptoms | nausea & fatigue adaptive response to increase the fetus' chance of survival |
| Teratogens | Dangerous agents that are toxic to the developing embryo, things like alcohol, drugs, radiation, etc |
| Stage 1 - Labor | Progressively intense uterine contractions, dilation of the cervix to 10cms 8-12 hours on average, usually more for first baby |
| Stage 2 - Pushing | More intense and rapid contractions, 30 mins on average, baby is born |
| Stage 3 - Delivery of the Placenta | Very fast, just a few extra contractions |
| Vertex position | normal position of infant in the birth canal, head down with face towards the back |
| Fetal Monitoring | attaching electrodes to the baby while giving birth in order to monitor its vitals |
| Epidural | spinal block anesthetic for pain |
| Episiotomy | incision of the perenium, opens the vaginal canal slightly wider used by doctors if they feel you're going to tear |
| Cesarean Section (C-Section) | Incision of the uterus used to remove a baby for several reasons (improper positioning, failure to dilate, pelvic disproportion, maternal or fetal distress) |
| Footling breech presentation | Baby's foot is coming out first, head and shoulders are forward |
| Buttocks Breech presentation | Baby's buttox are coming out first, head and shoulders are forward |
| Lateral presentation | Baby is sideways in the womb during birth |
| Posterior presentation | head is down, face is forward during birth |
| Miscarriage | 15-20% of pregnancies most occur within the first 7 weeks Risk factors (increased teratogen exposure, increased obesity) |
| Postpartum depression | 85% feel mildly "bluesy" due to the physical demands and wild hormonal shift, some more severe correlates with genetics, depression, and life stressors |
| Newborns | Average newborn weighs 7.5 lbs, 20", have increased oxygen supply and blood supply vision is low (20-400), senses of touch and smell are most developed |
| Infancy and Toddlerhood | Rapid physical growth in spurts (triple birth weight with 50% increase in height) cry to communicate |
| Developmental Milestones (Infant/Toddler) | Rolling over- 4 months, Sitting up - 6 months, Crawling - 8 months, Cruising - 10 months, Walking - 12 months |
| Piaget Stage 1 - Sensorimotor Period | From age 0-2 active exploration, reach and grasp, everything goes in the mouth (mouth = school), organize experiences into "schemes", organize mental pictures - 7 months |
| Psychosexual Theory Stage 1: Oral Stage | infancy (birth-1) focuses on feeding experiences "oral fixation" |
| Psychosexual Theory Stage 2: Anal Stage | toddlerhood (1-2) focus on potty training "anal fixation" |
| Psychosocial Theory Stage 1: Trust vs Mistrust | Trusting infants have a safe world, their needs are met consistently, confident in themselves Mistrusting infants have their needs met inconsistently, they feel betrayed and are withdrawn |
| Psychosocial Theory Stage 2: Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt | Autonomous toddlers feel special & are given reasonable choices (increases self-confidence) Shamed/Doubtful toddlers won't try, they are criticized and punished |
| Social Referencing | Looking at a trusted caregiver to see how to emotionally react to something (ex. child scraping their knee on the sidewalk) |
| Temperament | Our "fuse" stable by age 2 genetic, a cornerstone of personal |
| Thomas and Chase Study | Measured activity level, adaptability, attention span, and mood of children 3 temperament types: Easy Children (40%), Slow to Warm up Children (35%), Difficult Children (10%) |
| Pistol Kid/Barometer Child | the child that changes the entire mood of the family, often 'stirs the pot' |
| Attachment | Lasting, loving emotional bond between an infant and its caregiver, established in the first year of life 3 styles |
| Secure Attachment | Infant will explore, but use the parent as a 'home base', cry when they leave and calm down when they come back |
| Anxious Attachment | Didn't play around the room, seemed ambivalent when the parent left, attached to the parent when they came back |
| Avoidant Attachment | Didn't care when the parent left the room, but attacked/hit them when they came back |
| Development in Early Childhood | Ages 2-6 slow and steady growth, 2-3" and 5 lbs per year Brain hemispheres develop, handedness appears, cerebellum fully develops (leap in balance and physical skills) |
| Fine Motor Skill development | Getting dressed, tying shows, & drawing and coloring all help ages 2-6 develop fine motor skills |
| Operations | in psychology, logical rules of thinking that all people develop in their childhood |
| Piaget Stage 2: Preoperational Thought | Magical thinkers, make-believe play, egocentric, cannot complete conservation tasks (no conservation of mass, bigger = more) |
| Psychosexual Stage 3: Phallic Stage | Oedipus & Electra Complexes child wants opposite-sex parent all to themselves, envies same-sex parent, works out by emulating their same-sex parent |
| Psychosocial Stage 3: Initiative vs Guilt | Children with initiative take steps towards their goals, have a stronger moral start and clearer sense of gender, increases confidence Guilty children are afraid to try anything, have a cloudy sense of gender & morality, decreases confidence |
| Sense of Self in Early Childhood | based on looks, abilities, and possessions |
| Self-esteem | feelings of self worth |
| Self-confidence | layers, the idea that you can do what you set your mind to. |
| Initiative | the "great governor of the conscience", Erikson believed it was the basis of future morality |
| Guilt | Punished already, afraid to try, slower moral dev. |
| Physical growth of Middle Childhood | Slow and steady pace continues |
| Contributing factors to childhood obesity | Fast food, portion size, sedentary lifestyle |
| John Piaget stage 3 - Concrete Operations | Beginning to think logically, magical thinking starts to disappear |
| Spatial Relationships | Concept where objects are in relationship with something |
| IQ equation | Mental age / chronological age X 100 |
| Intelligence Tests | Verbal ability, mathematical ability, spatial relationships, short-term memory |
| Aptitude Test vs Achievement Test | Aptitude test: Measures capacity to learn (IQ Tests, SATS) Achievement test: Measures knowledge gained (GPA, PSSAS) |
| Freud stage 4 - Latency Stage | Energies hibernate, "Calm before the storm", cementing of the parent/child bond |
| Erik Erikson stage 4 | Inferiority <----> Industry |
| Industry | Productive, accomplished, confident |
| Inferiority | Lack productivity, withdrawn, feels inadequate |
| Social Comparisons | Judgement of others based on anything |
| Roots of Prejudice | Racial, religious, Social economic status |
| Additions to Self-esteem in middle childhood | Academic and social |
Created by:
lilyowens125
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