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Chapter 15
Human Development
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Chapter 15 | Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood |
| What years are considered middle adulthood? | Age 40 to 65 |
| Why is middle-aged considered a social construct? | No specific biological or social events that marked boundaries, not all cultures recognize it, age can vary depending on person |
| What can cause differences in the experience of middle age? | Health, gender, race/ethnicity, s SES, cohort, culture, personality, marital status, parental status, employment |
| What are the distinguishing features of middle age? | Many life paths, multiple roles, running household, children, caring for aging parents, start new career, freedom, responsibility, control over life, making contribution, freedom and independence, height of career, new goals, new dreams, reevaluate |
| age related, progressive loss of the eyes’ ability to focus on nearby objects due to loss of elasticity in the lens | presbyopia |
| nearsightedness | myopia |
| age related, gradual loss of hearing, which accelerates after age 55, especially with regard to sound at higher frequencies | presbycusis |
| What 6 areas do age-related visual problems mainly occur in? | Near vision, dynamic vision, sensitivity to light, visual search, speed of processing visual information, visual acuity |
| use of energy to maintain vital functions | basal metabolism |
| amount of air that can be drawn in with a deep breath and expelled | vital capacity |
| What changes in sensory and motor functioning occur in middle age? | Lose ability in the eyes, lose some ability to hear, less sensitivity to smell and taste, less strength and coordination, less endurance, less manual dexterity, slower response time |
| What changes in body structure and systems occur in middle age? | Skin becomes thinner, hair becomes thinner and grayer, gain weight, lose height, less bone density, slower or more irregular heartbeat, less amount of air can be inhaled and exhaled |
| What factors contribute to individual differences in physical condition? | Working out and eating right in earlier adulthood, use it or lose it, maintaining exercise, biology, smoking, alcohol use, poor diet and adulthood, taking vitamins, stress |
| cessation of menstruation and of ability to bear children | menopause |
| period of several years during which a woman experiences physiological changes of menopause, includes 1st year after end of menstruation | perimenopause or climacteric |
| What is menopausal transition? | Beginning in mid-30s to mid 40s, production of mature ova decline, produce less estrogen, less and irregular menstruation, flow ceases |
| inability of a man to achieve or maintain an erect penis sufficient for satisfactory sexual performance | erectile dysfunction or impotence |
| What reproductive changes occur in middle age for women? | Drop in estrogen, hot flashes, vaginal dryness, urinary dysfunction, less intense arousal, less frequent and quicker orgasm, reproductive capacity ends |
| What reproductive changes occur in middle age for men? | Drop in testosterone, loss of psychological arousal, less frequent erection, slower orgasm, longer recovery between ejaculation, increased risk of erectile dysfunction, some decrease in fertility |
| What factors can affect women's experience of menopause? | Undergoing stressful change in role, relationship, responsibility, change in mental state, ethnicity, culture |
| What symptoms have been found to be related to menopause? | Hot flashes, night sweats, vaginal dryness, painful intercourse, sleep disturbance, mood disturbance |
| What symptoms have not been found to be related to menopause? | Urinary incontinence, cognitive disturbance, somatic symptoms, sexual dysfunction |
| What changes occur in male sexual functioning in middle age? | Decrease in testosterone, genetic quality of sperm declines, erectile dysfunction |
| What changes occur in sexual activity during middle age? What can this be caused by? | Can decrease or can stay about the same, change can be caused by disease, surgery, medication, monotony and relationship, preoccupation with worries, fatigue, depression, failure to make sex priority, fear of failure to attain erection, lack of partner |
| What physical changes generally occur during the middle years? | Eyes, hearing, senses of taste/smell, strength, coordination, endurance, manual dexterity, reaction time, skin, hair, bone density, menopause, erectile dysfunction |
| What is the psychological impact of the decrease in physical ability? | Menopause-can be a time of role change, greater independence, personal growth, some cultures supportive but others not |
| chronically high blood pressure | hypertension |
| disease in which the body does not produce or properly use insulin, a hormone that converts sugar, starches and other fades into energy needed for daily life | diabetes |
| What is the typical health status in middle age? | Most people tend to be healthy but African-Americans tend to have the most problems |
| What health concerns become more prevalent in the late? | Hypertension, diabetes, heart disease |
| Discuss behavioral, socioeconomic, racial/ethnic factors in health and morality at middle age. | Nutrition, smoking, alcohol and drug use, physical activity, excessive weight gain, social relationships, stress, ethnicity, gender, SES, access to healthcare, genetics |
| condition in which the bones become thin and brittle as a result of rapid calcium depletion | osteoporosis |
| diagnostic x-ray examination of the breast | mammography |
| treatment with artificial estrogen, sometimes in combination with hormone progesterone, to relieve or prevent symptoms caused by decline in estrogen levels after menopause | hormone therapy |
| What changes in women's health risks occur after menopause? | Bone loss, osteoporosis, breast cancer |
| What are the risks and benefits of hormone replacement therapy? | Benefit-relief from menopause symptoms, prevent or stop bone loss; risk-increased cardiovascular risk, breast cancer, heart attack, stroke, blood clot, increased risk of other cancers |
| response to physical or psychological demands | stress |
| perceived environmental demands that may produce stress | stressors |
| What causes, sources and effects stress in middle age? | Work, money, children, responsibility, health concerns, housing, money, relationships; can make people sick, cause diseases like hypertension, heart ailment, stroke, diabetes, depression, cancer, long-term illness |
| How does stress affect health in middle age? | Can cause short-term illness or long-term disease |
| How do emotions and personality affect health? | Positive can mean better health, negative can mean worse health, being depressed can decrease health, hope, curiosity |
| What are risk factors for psychological distress and depressive symptoms? | SES, race/ethnicity, education, ability to afford basic necessities, stress, social support |
| What are the 6 primary mental abilities? | Verbal meaning, word fluency, and number, spatial orientation, inductive reasoning, perceptual speed |
| type of intelligence, proposed by Horn and Cattell, that is applied to novel problems in is relatively independent of educational and cultural differences | fluid intelligence |
| type of intelligence, proposed by Horn and Cattell, involving the ability to remember and use learned information, largely dependent on education and culture | crystallized intelligence |
| What factors affect physical and mental health at midlife? | Behavioral influence, SES, health, race/ethnicity, gender, stress, emotions |
| What were the results of the Seattle longitudinal study? | Most people show no significant reduction in abilities until after age 60, do not decline in all areas |
| What is the difference between fluid and crystallized intelligence? | Crystallized is learned knowledge, fluid is knowledge gained independent of education and culture |
| How can fluid and crystallized intelligence be affected by age? | They tend to increase into the late 20’s and early 30’s, fluid peaks in young adulthood, crystallized improves with age |
| Compare the findings of the Seattle study with those of Horn and Cattell. | They both showed that intelligence can continue to increase into middle adulthood, but tend to decline in some areas after that |
| What cognitive gains and losses occur during middle age? | Gain-crystallized intelligence, lose-fluid intelligence |
| in Hoyer’s terminology, progressive dedication of information processing and fluid thinking to specific knowledge systems, make a knowledge more readily accessible | encapsulation |
| What is integrative thought? | Mix logic with intuition and emotion, conflicting ideas and facts, don't accept things as face value, filtered through life experience and previous learning |
| What is the relationship between expertise, knowledge and intelligence? | A person can learn with lots of knowledge and intelligence but expertise makes knowledge more readily available to use |
| Give an example of integrative thinking. | A young adult and a person in middle age may interpret the same story differently, the older person may integrate metaphorical meaning |
| How do mature adults think differently than younger people? | Expertise, integrative knowledge |
| What are the prerequisites for creative achievement? | Creative potential, creative performance |
| What is the relationship between creative performance and age? | Peaks in late 30s depending on field, can peek or level off in late 40’s or 50’s |
| What accounts for creative achievement? | Deep, highly organized knowledge of a subject, interested motivation, strong emotional attachment to work, perseverance |
| How does creativity change with age? | Increases until peaking around the late 30s, can peek even in late 40s or 50s, become more creative with experience and expertise |
| reducing work hours or days, gradually moving into retirement over a number of years | phased retirement |
| employment switching from one company to another or a new line of work | bridge employment |
| What trends occur in work and retirement into middle age? | Retiring later, phased retirement, bridge employment |
| How can work affect cognitive functioning? | jobs that require higher cognitive abilities tend to keep people sharper |
| in an adult, ability to use printed and written information to function in society, achieve goals and develop knowledge and potential | literacy |
| Why might mature adults return to the classroom? | Develop cognitively, improve self-esteem, keep up with world, specialized training for work, new occupation, reinterred job market, expand mind and skills, enjoy learning |
| What are some ways in which educational institutions can attempt to meet the needs of mature adults? | Granting credit for life experience, credit for previous learning, matriculation, Saturday in night classes, independent study, child care, financial aid, free or reduced tuition courses, distance learning |
| Why is literacy training needed in the United States and internationally? | Can contribute to society more, need basic skills, function in society, develop knowledge and potential |
| How are patterns of work and education changing? | People are working into advanced years, retiring later, going to school longer, going to school later in life, furthering education |
| How does work contribute to cognitive development? | The more the mind is challenged, the sharper it is likely to stay |
| Describe “middle age”. | Social construct, developed an industrial societies, increasing lifespan led to new roles at midlife |
| Describes the span of middle adulthood. | About age 40 to 65, but often subjective |
| What happens to the mind and body in middle adulthood? | Both gains and losses |
| Describe of life for most middle aged people. | Good physical, cognitive, emotional condition, heavy responsibility, multiple roles, feel competent to handle them |
| What is middle age the best time for? | Taking stock and making decisions about remaining years |
| What can affect psychological changes? | Aging, genetic makeup, behavior, lifestyle |
| What are common physical losses in middle adulthood? | Loss in bone density, vital capacity, gradual, minor decline in sensory and psychomotor abilities |
| What can the symptoms of menopause depend upon? | Attitude toward it, cultural factors, natural changes of aging |
| What declines sexually among men in middle adulthood? | Fertility, frequency in orgasm, erectile dysfunction |
| What can cause erectile dysfunction? | Health, lifestyle, emotional well-being |
| In general, what happens to sexual activity in middle-age? | Gradually diminishes |
| Describe the health of baby boomers compared to previous generations. | Possibly less healthy |
| Describe the health of most middle aged people. | Healthy, no functional limitations |
| What are 4 major health problems beginning in midlife? | Cancer, heart disease, hypertension, diabetes |
| What is the leading cause of death in midlife? | Cancer |
| What 4 things affect present and future health the most? | Diet, exercise, alcohol use, smoking |
| Why is low income associated with poorer health? | Partly because of lack of insurance |
| What has happened to the racial and ethnic disparities in health and health care? | Decreased but still persists |
| What do postmenopausal women become more subset double 2? | Heart disease, bone loss, osteoporosis, breast cancer |
| What are ways to better the chances of not having breast cancer? | Routine mammography beginning at age 40 |
| What is the verdict on hormone therapy? | Risks may outweigh benefits |
| When does stress occur? | Body's ability to cope is not equal to demands placed on it |
| When is stress the greatest? Why? | Middle age, related to variety of practical problems |
| What can happen to the immune system when placed under severe stress? | Decreased functioning |
| What experiences of middle age can be stressful? | Role change, career change, other experiences |
| Emotionally, what can affect health? | Personality, negative emotionality, positive emotion associated with good health |
| What type of distress becomes more prevalent in middle-age? | Psychological |
| What did the Seattle longitudinal study find? | Several of primary mental abilities remain strong during middle age, great individual variability |
| What type of intelligence declines earlier: fluid intelligence or crystallized intelligence? | Fluid intelligence |
| What has been attributed to encapsulation of fluid abilities in midlife? | Advances and expertise, specialized knowledge |
| When does post formal thought become especially useful? | Situations calling for integrative thinking |
| What does creative performance depend on? | Personal attributes, environment all forces |
| How strongly is creativity related to intelligence? | Not strongly related |
| What happens to divergent thinking and creative output in middle-age? | Appears to decline |
| What are peak ages for cognitive output and creativity? | Very bad occupation |
| What can losses in productivity with age be offset by? | Gains in quality |
| What is occurring in regards to retirement? | Shift away from early retirement, shift toward more flexible options |
| Why can improve cognitive flexibility in middle-age? | Complex work |
| Why do many adults go to college at a nontraditional age or participate in other educational activities? | Improve work-related skills and knowledge |
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