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Psychology
foundations, research, biopsychology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Psychology | Scientific study of the mind and behavior |
| Structuralism | Early school of psychology that was focused on understanding the conscious experience through introspection; Wilhem Wundt |
| Functionalism | Early school of psychology that emphasizes how mental activities help an organism adapt to its environment; William James |
| Psychoanalytic Theory | Developed by Freud that attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior |
| Theory of Personality | Relationship between the Id, Ego, and Superego |
| Id | Part of the personality present at birth, composed of all the energy of the mind and expressed as biological urges that strive continually for gratification |
| Ego | Predominately conscious part of the personality responsible for decision making and for dealing with reality |
| Superego | Part of the personality that acts as the conscience and reflects society's moral standards |
| Freud's Theory of Development | Occurs in the early stages based on psychosexual needs in early childhood, framed around the impulses of the id |
| Gestalt Theory | Although a sensory experience can be broken down into individual parts, how those parts relate to each other as a whole is often what the individual responds to in perception; works well for unresolved interpersonal issues (empty chair exercise) |
| Behaviorism | Focuses on observing and reinforcing behavior |
| Classical Conditioning (Pavlov) | Type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus |
| Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) | Stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning |
| Unconditioned Response (UCR) | Unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning |
| Conditioned Stimulus (CS) | Previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response |
| Conditioned Response (CR) | Learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning |
| Neutral Stimulus (NS) | Stimulus that generally doesn't elicit any response |
| Operant Conditioning (B.F. Skinner) | Behavior is strengthened through reinforcement |
| Humansim | Focuses on the potential for good that is innate in all humans; emphasizes the whole person and views people as able to take the lead in their own therapy; Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers |
| Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs | Physiological, security, social, esteem, self-actualization Each step must be completed to move onto the next |
| Cognitive Psychology | Scientific study of mental processes, including perception, thought, memory, and reasoning; mid 1900's; accepts use of scientific method, rejects introspection; acknowledges existence of internal mental states |
| Five Pillars of Psychology | Biological, cognitive, developmental, social and personality, mental and physical health |
| Biological Domain | Biopsychology: explains how biology influences behavior Evolutionary Psychology: how human behavior evolved Sensation and Perception: research is interdisciplinary, may focus on physiological aspects of sensory systems |
| Cognitive Domain | Focuses on thoughts and their relationship to experiences and actions; studies language, cognition, memory, intelligence, and more |
| Developmental Domain | Includes behavioral psychology and learning/conditioning; developmental psychology: scientific study of development over a lifetime |
| Social and Personality Domain | Social psychology: study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or the implied presence of others; personality psychology: study of patterns of thoughts and behaviors that make each individual unique |
| Mental and Physical Health Domain | Abnormal psychology: focuses on abnormal thoughts and behaviors; clinical psychology: focuses on diagnosis and treatment of disorders or problematic behaviors; health psychology: focuses on how health is effected by the interaction of outside factors |
| Other Subfields of Psychology | Industrial-organizational psychology, forensic psychology, sport and exercise psychology |
| Common Psychotropic Drugs | Antipsychotics, antidepressants, antianxiety |
| Tardive Dyskinesia | Side effect of antipsychotic drugs |
| Scientific Method | Ensures that results are empirical, or grounded in objective, tangible evidence that can be observed |
Created by:
kate.carlson
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