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biopsych intro & 1
PSY 304 Biopsychology Intro & Chapter 1 Quiz
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Neuroscience | the scientific study of the nervous system |
| Biospsychology | the scientific study of the biology/physiology of behavior; applying a biological approach to the study of psychology |
| Behavioral neuroscience | the field that relates behavior to bodily processes -main goal of the field is to understand the brain structures and functions that respond to experiences and generate behavior |
| dualism | -the body and the mind (soul) are separate and distinct entities that somehow interact Dualism: The notion promoted by Descartes that the mind has an immaterial aspect that is distinct from the material body and brain -almost all neuroscientists today h |
| Hippocrates | believed that the brain was the seat of thought and emotions -suspected Aristotle's view was wrong -ascribed emotion, perception, and thought to the functioning of the brain |
| Aristotle | -believed that the heart was the seat of thought and emotions -believed mental capacities were properties of the heart -thought the brain was a cooling system |
| Galen | Proposed that the brain mediated mental functions based on injuries of gladiators -brain dissections |
| Rene Descartes | (dualism) -explained how the control of behavior resembles the workings of machine -thought movement was result of a separate mind interacting with brain to push fluid through body to inflate muscles -dualist but proposed link between mind & brain |
| Luigi & Lucia Galvani | discovered that a dissected frog's leg will twitch when stimulated with an electrical current -first evidence that nervous signals are electrical |
| Johannes Müller | proposed the Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies |
| Doctrines of Specific Nerve Energies | brain is functionally divided, with similar units (cells) carrying same basic signal (electrical impulse), but impact of this signal depends on the way the cells are connected |
| Jean-Pierre Flourens | Father of experimental brain science -remove parts of the brains of living pigeons, observed the behavioral result |
| Hermann von Helmholtz | measured the rate of nerve conduction -much slower than electrical wire |
| Paul Broca | demonstrated functional localization in the brain -found that injuries to a particular region in the brain resulted in deficits to speech production |
| Fritsch & Hitzig | Artificially stimulated the brains of dogs by applying electrical current -discovered motor cortex |
| Camillo Golgi | invented an anatomical staining technique that revealed the fine structure of neurons -proposed the Reticular Theory |
| The Reticular Theory | Proposed by Golgi that neurons are fused together into continuous structures (kinda wrong) |
| Ramon y Cajal | Performed microscopic studies of brains of many species -The Neuron Doctrine |
| The Neuron Doctrine | -argued by Ramon y Cajal that neural tissue consisted of separate cells (correct) |
| Phrenology | Idea that specific behaviors, feelings, and personality traits were controlled by corresponding specific regions of the brain -a pseudoscientific fad -today, brain tech shows that all brain regions are almost always active |
| Localization of function | Asserts that different brain regions specialize in specific behaviors -found by damage to specific brain regions caused predictable impairments -though entire brain always active, certain parts more activated than others during different tasks |
| Neuroplasticity | the ability of the nervous system to change in response to experience of the environment -even simple interaction can remodel our brains - learning! |
| Social neuroscience | a field of study that uses the tools of neuroscience to discover both the biological bases of social behavior and the effects of social circumstances on brain activity -male testosterone & asserting dominance and aggression |
| Evolutionary neuroscience | a field of study devoted to asking how natural selection has shaped behavior in humans and other animals -did humor, song, art, etc., originate from the drive to be sexy? |
| Epigenetics | the study of factors that affect gene expression without making any changes in the nucleotide sequence of the genes themselves -rats & mums & stress |
| Neuroeconomics | the study of brain mechanisms at work during decision making -identify brain regions that are especially active when certain decisions are being made |
| Consciousness | the personal, private awareness of our emotions, intentions, thoughts, and movements and of the sensations that impinge upon us -consciousness as a property of the brain -don't know much...sky blue, but is my blue same as ur blue? heh |
| Monism | the body and mind are not distinct; the mind can be account for in terms of properties of matter and functions of the brain -brain ~ hardware & mind ~ software -modern neuroscience has demonstrated extremely tight relationship between mind & brain |
| How did Hippocrates' and Aristotle's beliefs about the brain functions differ? | Aristotle believed that mental capacities were properties of the heart & that the brain was simply a cooling system but Hippocrates disagreed and believed that the brains functions included emotion, perception, and thought |
| Explain how the work of Paul Broca demonstrated that isolated regions of the brain could be responsible for specific behavioral functions | He found that a specific area of the brain, when injured, resulted deficits in speech production - meaning that isolated regions of the brain could be responsible for specific behavioral functions |
| How did Golgi's Reticular Theory differ from Cajal's Neuron Doctrine? | Golgi & Reticular Theory believed that neurons are fused together into continuous structures (kinda wrong), while Cajal & Neuron Doctrine believed that neural tissue consisted of separate cells (correct) |
| Neuron | information processing/transmitting cells -nerve cells -most important highly specialized cell -produce readily measured electrical signals |
| Glial cells | support cells found in the human brain (4 types) -directly affect neural processing by providing neurons with raw materials, chemical signals, and specialized structural components -oligodendrocytes -schwann cells -astrocytes -microglia |
| Oligodendrocyte | type of glial cell that forms myelin in the central nervous system *create myelin to insulate axons -within the brain and spinal cord |
| Schwann cell | type of glial cell that forms myelin in the peripheral nervous system *creates myelin to insulate axons - rest of body, all but spinal cord |
| Astrocytes | weave around and between neurons and fine blood vessels, controlling local blood flow to increase the amount of blood reaching more-active brain regions **regulate blood flow and recycle neurotransmitters |
| Microglial cells | primary job is to contain and clean-up sites of injury **clean up debris |
| Parts of a neuron | -dendrite -cell body (soma) -axon -synapse |
| Dendrite | receives a signal |
| Cell body (soma) | contains nucleus and other organelles |
| Axon | transmits signal |
| Synapse | junction between neurons where neuron-to-neuron transmission takes place |
| Four Zones of a Neuron | -Input -Integration -Conduction -Output |
| Input zone | where neurons collect and process information, either from environments or from other cells -at dendrites, neurons receive info via synapses from other neurons |
| Integration zone | where the decision to produce a neural signal is made |
| Conduction zone | where information can electrically transmitted over great distances -axon carries the neuron's own electrical signals away from the cell body |
| Output zone | where the neuron transfers information to other cells -specialized swellings at the ends of the axon transmit the neuron's signal across synapses to other cells |
| Golgi's Law of Dynamic Polarization | information flow in a neuron is unidirectional, from its receptive surface (typically dendrites) to its terminal branches (synaptic terminals) |
| Different types of neurons | -unipolar neuron -bipolar neuron -multipolar neuron -multipolar interneurons |
| Unipolar Neuron | mostly somatosensory (pain, touch) -have single extension (process) usually thought of as an axon, that branches in 2 directions after leaving the cell body -one end is input zone w branch like dendrites & other output zone w terminals |
| Bipolar Neuron | mostly sensory (vision, hearing) -have a single dendrite at one end of the cell and a single axon on the other end |
| Multipolar Neuron | Most common type -have many dendrites and a single axon |
| Multipolar Inerneuron | communication within a region -no axon? |
| Synapses | neurons connect and communicate through synapses -formed on the cell body or dendrites of the postsynaptic neuron |
| Medial | toward the middle |
| lateral | toward the side |
| Ipsilateral | on the same side |
| Contralateral | on the opposite side |
| Superior | above |
| Inferior | below |
| Basal | toward the bottom |
| Anterior/rostral | toward the front of the brain |
| Posterior/caudal | toward the rear of the brain |
| Proximal | near |
| Distal | far |
| Afferent | nerve or pathway that carries information away from the region of interest (A = arrive) |
| Efferent | nerve or pathway that carries information from the region of interest (E = exit) |
| Dorsal | toward the back |
| Ventral | toward the belly |
| Horizontal plane | the plane that divides between upper and lower parts |
| Sagittal plane | the plane that divides into right and left portions |
| Coronal plane | the plane that divides front (anterior) from back (posterior) |
| Afferent | toward the brain/spinal cord |
| Efferent | away from the brain/spinal cord |
| The brain is protected by | -skull -meninges -cerebral spinal fluid |
| Meninges | DAP!! three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord -dura mater -pia mater -arachnoid |
| Dura mater | outermost of three meninges that surround the brain and spinal cord -tough |
| Pia mater | the innermost of the three meninges that surround the brain and spinal cord -delicate |
| Arachnoid | the thin covering of the brain that lies between the dura mater and pia mater -webby |
| Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) | fluid that fills cerebral ventricles -cushioning from minor blows -helps brain "float" |
| Cerebral ventricles | series of chambers within the brain that are filled with CSF -ventricular system -lateral ventricle -choroid plexus |
| The CSF flow | lateral ventricles --> midline third ventricle --> cerebral aqueduct --> fourth ventricle --> small openings below cerebellum --> exit ventricular system --> circulate over outer surface of brain & spinal cord --> back to circulatory system through veins |
| Choroid Plexus | produces CSF in the ventricles Lateral ventricles --> 3rd ventricles --> cerebral aquaduct --> 4th ventricle --> spinal aquaduct --> subarachnoid space |
| Brain development | most but not all neurons present at birth -neurons connections continue to increase complexity after birth -much myelinization occurs after birth |
| Subdivision of the developing brain | -Forebrain -Midbrain -Hindbrain |
| Forebrain | -Telencephalon: cerebrum (includes cerebral cortex, white matter, basal nuclei) |
| Midbrain | Mesencephalon: Midbrain (part of brainstem) |
| Hindbrain | Myelencephalon: medulla oblongata (part of brainstem) |
| reasons for using animals in research | -ease (less complex & still similar) -comparative studies -legal or ethical restrictions |
Created by:
monghate19
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