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Psychology, Unit 1
Scientific foundations of science
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Inferential Statistics | Statiistical statement of how likely it is that and obtained result occurs by chance |
| Standard deviation | Computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score |
| Mean | The average of all added numbers |
| Median | Middle average of numbers arranged lowest to highest |
| Mode | Number with the most repeats |
| Descriptive Statistics | Used to measure and describe characteristics or groups |
| Illusory Correlation | When we see a relationship where none exixts |
| Longitudinal study | Traces one group over time |
| Cross-sectional study | studies many people over a short period of time |
| Regression towards the mean | The tendancy for extreme or unusual scores to fall back toawrds the middle |
| Correlation | A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, how well each factor predicts eachother |
| Placebo effect | The mind can trick us into seeing what we want to see |
| Random sample | A sample that fairly represent a population because each member has an equal chane of inclusion |
| Population | All those in a group being studied |
| Sampling bias | A flawed sampling process that produces an unreprasentative sample |
| Survey | A descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group |
| Naturalistic observation | A descepitive technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without manipulating any variables |
| Case study | One individual or group is studied in depth in hopes of revealing unikversal principles |
| Replication | Repeating the essence of a research study, usually using different participants or situations |
| Operational definitions | a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study |
| Hypothesis | A testable prediciton |
| Theory | an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events |
| Scientific method | A self-correcting process for evaluating ideas with observation and analysis |
| tested perception | hear and react |
| empiricism | the idea that knowldge is the result of experience and that scientific knowledge is developed through observation and experimentation |
| Wilhem wundt | established the first psychology lab, wanted to measure the fastes mental processes |
| Edward titchner | introduced structuralism and used introspection |
| Structuralism | identifying the elements of thought and mind |
| Introspection | looking inward to directly observe ones own psychological processes |
| charles darwin | natural selection of mental and physical traits, adaptive behavior and evolution |
| William james | introduced functionalism |
| Functionalism | assumes a purpose, structures of conciousness must serve a function |
| Mary calkins | memory researcher, first female president of APA |
| behaviorism | psychology should be an objective science |
| psychoanalytic psychology | unconscious forces and childhood experiences affect our behavior and mental processes |
| Humanism | striving for personal growth and reaching our fullest potential |
| cognitive psychology | how we percieve, process and remember. How thinking and emotion interact in disorders |
| cognitive neuroscience | the marrige of cognitive psychology and neuroscience |
| psychology | the science of behavior and mental processes |
| Behavior | an action we can observe and record |
| mental processes | internal, subjective experiences we infer from behavior |
| nature-nurture issue | controversy iver the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors |
| natural selection | nature selects traits that best enable an organism to survive and reproduce in it's enviornment |
| evolutionary psychology | the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind |
| behavior genetics | the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and enviornmental influences |
| culture | shared ideas and behaviors that one generation passes onto the next |
| positive psychology | the scientific study of human flourishing |
| biopschosocial psychology | biological, psychological, and social-cultural viewpoints |
| behavioral psychology | the scientific study of observable behavior |
| biological psychology | the scientific study of the links between biological and psychological processes |
| psychodynamic psychology | a branch of psychology that studies how unconcious drives and conflicts influence behavior |
| social cultural psychology | the study of how situations and cuktures affect our behavior and thinking |
| psychohistory | the study of peoples historical motivations |
| psycholinguistics | the study of language and thinking |
| testing effect | enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than rereading information |
| SQ3R | survey, question, read, retrieve, review |
| psychometrics | the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits |
| basic research | pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base |
| developmental psychologists | a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive and social change throughout the life span |
| educational psychology | the study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning |
| social psychology | the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another |
| applied research | scientific study that aims to solve practical problems |
| Industrial-organizational psychology (I/Q) | the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces |
| human factors psychology | a field of psychology allied with I/Q psychology that explores how people and machines interact |
| Counseling psychology | a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living |
| clinical psychology | a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders |
| psychiatry | a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders, practiced by licensed physicians |
| community psychology | a branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments, and how social environments affect individuals or groups |
| Hindsight bias | tendency to believe after learning an outcome that one would have forseen it |
| overconfidence | the tendancy to think we know more than we do |
| percieving order in random events | we see patterns where patterns dont exist because it is comforting |
| descriptive psychology | to observe and record behavior |
| correlational psychology | to detect naturall occurring relationships, to assess how well one variable predicts another |
| experimental psychology | to explore cause and affect |
| naturalistic observation | observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without manipulating any variables |
| survey | looks at many cases in less depth, asking people to report their opinions or behaviors |
| scientific method | a self-correcting process for evaluating ideas with observation and analysis |
| theory | an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events |
| hypothesis | a testable prediction |
| operational definitions | a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in research studies |
| replication | repeating the essence of a research study, usually with defferent situations or participants |
| case study | one individual or group is studied in depth |
| sampling bias | a flawed sampling process that produces an unreprasentative sample |
| population | all those in a group being studied, from which samples are drawn |
| random sample | a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance on inclusion |
| the placebo effect | the mind can trick us into seeing or believing what we want to |
| correlation | a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, how well each factor predicts the other |
| regression towards the mean | when extreme/unusual scores fall back towards the middle |
| illusory correlation | when we see a relationship where none exists |
| cross-sectional study | many people being studied over a long period of time |
| longitudinal study | traces one group over a period of time |
| descriptive statistics | used to measure and describe characterisitics or groups |
| mean | the middle average of all added numbers |
| median | middle average of numbers arranged lowest to highest |
| mode | number with the most repeats |
| range | difference between lowest and highest values |
| standars deviation | computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score |
| inferential statistics | statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occureed by chance |
Created by:
julietrm1
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