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Biopsych Chapter 4
PSYC 218 Kalat Chapter 4 Terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| genes | units of heredity that maintain their structural identity from one generation to another |
| chromosomes | strands of genes that come in pairs |
| deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | main constituent of chromosomes and carrier of genetic information; double strand |
| ribonucleic acid (RNA) | carries instructions for controlling protein synthesis from DNA; single strand and perform regulatory functions |
| homozygous | having the same genes on your two copies of a chromosome |
| DNA bases | adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine |
| RNA bases | adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil |
| glutamine | cytosine, adenine, and guanine |
| tryptophan | uracil, guanine, and guanine |
| enzymes | biological catalysts that regulate chemical reactions in the body |
| heterzygous | having an unmatched pair of genes |
| dominant gene | strong effect in either homozygous or heterozygous conditions |
| recessive gene | only shows effects in homozygous condition |
| sex-linked genes | genes on the sex chromosomes (x and y in mammals); ex: color blindness |
| autosomal genes | the genes on all chromosomes besides sex chromosomes |
| sex-limited genes | present in both sexes but mainly active in one sex; ex: chest hair in men and breast size in women |
| mutation | heritable change in a DNA molecule |
| epigenetics | field studying the changes in gene expression such as what happens in alcoholism |
| histones | proteins that bind DNA into a shape more like a string wound around a ball |
| heritability | how much the variations in characteristics depend on genetic differences |
| monozygotic twins | twins from one egg; identical |
| dizygotic twins | twins from separate eggs; fraternal |
| PKU | genetic inability to metabolize amino acid phenylalanine |
| evolution | change over generations in the frequencies of various genes in a population |
| artificial selection | choosing individuals with a desired trait and making them parents of the next generation |
| Lamarckian evolution | idea that if you exercise an area, your children will be larger there; if you don't use something, it will be small in your children |
| fitness | the number of copies of one's genes that endure in later generations |
| closed head injury | the most common cause of brain damage in young people; a sharp blow to the head that does not puncture the brain |
| stroke | when an aneurysm bursts |
| cerebrovascular accident | temporary interruption of normal blood flow to a brain area during a stroke |
| ischemia | common type of stroke; the result of a blood clot or other obstruction in an artery |
| hemorrhage | stroke that is the result of a ruptured artery |
| edema | accumulation of fluid that increases pressure on the brain |
| tissue plasminogen activator | drug that breaks up blood clots |
| diaschisis | ("to shock throughout") the decreased activity of surviving neurons after damage to other neurons |
| collateral sprouts | new branches that take over the vacant synapses when a cell loses input from an axon |
| denervation supersensitivity | when remaining synapses become more easily stimulated because others have become inactive |
| phantom limb | continuing sensation from an amputated body part |
| deafferented | when a limb has lost its afferent (sensory) input |
Created by:
audra.kooi
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