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AP Psych Unit 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Soma | Cell Body |
| Dendrites | Receive messages from other cells |
| Axon | Carries messages away from cell body |
| Myelin Sheath | Fatty layer that protects axon and speeds neural transmission |
| Terminal Branches | Forms junctions with the dendrites of other neurons |
| Neurotransmitters | Chemical messengers |
| Synapse | Space between two neurons |
| Agonists | Encourages re-uptake (ex. heroin) |
| Antagonists | Blocks re-uptake (ex. narcan) |
| Frontal Lobe | Speaking, judgement, decision-making, personality |
| Parietal Lobe | Recieves info from senses, coordinates voluntary movement |
| Temporal Lobe | Processes auditory info from opposite ear |
| Occipital Lobe | Processes visual info from opposite visual field |
| Visual Cortex | Processes info relayed from retinas |
| Sensory Cortex | Processes info coming in from our senses |
| Motor Cortex | Directs intentional movement |
| Auditory Cortex | Processes auditory info from opposite ear |
| Angular Gyrus | Makes meaning out of written words, language and numbers, spatial processing |
| Broca's Area | Ability to speak |
| Wernicke's Area | Ability to understand |
| Hippocampus | Memory conversion and storage |
| Amygdala | Experiencing emotions |
| Hypothalamus | Regulates hunger, thirst, sex, sleep |
| Pituitary Gland | Controls growth and development |
| Brainstem | Connects brain to spinal cord |
| Medulla | Heart rate and breathing |
| Pons | Connects medulla to thalamus |
| Reticular Formation | Nerve network connecting brainstem and thalamus. Controls sleep and wake. |
| Thalamus | Relay station for all sensory input |
| Corpus Callosum | Band of axons that connect two halves of brain and sends messages between them |
| Cerebellum | Controls movement and balance |
| Central Nervous System | Brain and spinal cord, controls reflexes |
| Peripheral Nervous System | Consists of sensory and motor neurons |
| SAME | Sensory afferent, motor efferent |
| Autonomic System | Regulates internal body function |
| Somatic System | Controls intentional movement of skeletal system |
| Parasympathetic System | Controls calming |
| Sympathetic System | Controls arousal, fight/flight/freeze |
| Lesion | Naturally or experimentally caused destruction of the brain tissue |
| EEG | Amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity sweeping across the brain's surface |
| MEG | Brain imaging technique that measures magnetic fields from the brain's natural electrical activity |
| CT Scan | X-ray pictures taken from different angles and combined by computer into a representation of the brain's structure |
| PET Scan | Visual display of brain activity that determines where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a task |
| MRI | Uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue |
| fMRI | Reveals blood flow and brain activity by comparing successive MRIs |
| Left Hemisphere | Controls right body, Broca's and Wernicke's areas, recieves info from right visual field, speech, logic, math |
| Right Hemisphere | Controls left body, recieves info from left visual field, perception, spatial reasoning, memory of faces |
| Michael Gazzaniga | Did the first split brain studies |
| Hemispherectomy | Entire hemisphere of brain is removed, brain creates new pathways |
| Neurogenesis | Ability of brain to make new neurons |
| Heredity | The genetic transfer of characteristics from parent to offspring |
| Genes | Segments of DNA |
| Monozygotic Twins | When a single egg splits in two, genetically identical |
| Dizygotic Twins | 2 eggs released, no more genetic similarity than siblings |
| Heritability | Variation among individuals in a group that we can attribute to genes |
| Epigenetics | The study of environmental influences on gene expression |
| Dual Processing | The principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious levels |
| Blindsight | A condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it |
| Parallel Processing | Unconscious processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously |
| Sequential Processing | Conscious processing of one aspect of a problem at a time |
| Why do we need sleep? | Supports growth, protection, recuperation, restoration & rebuilding, feeds creative thinking |
| Circadian Rhythm | The way our bodies roughly synchronize with the 24 hour day |
| What three environmental factors play a role in our biological ability to sleep? | Modern electrical lighting, shift work, social media diversions |
| NREM Sleep | Non-rapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except for REM |
| REM Sleep | Rapid eye movement sleep; recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur |
| NREM-1 | Brief, may experience fantastic images resembling hallucinations |
| Hypnagogic Sensations | Feel like you're falling or floating weightlessly |
| NREM-2 | 20 minutes, can still be awakened without too much difficulty, but you are clearly asleep |
| Sleep Spindles | Bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain-wave activity |
| NREM-3 | Slow-wave sleep, lasts for about 30 minutes, brain emits large, slow delta wave and you are hard to awaken |
| Paradoxical Sleep | Muscles are relaxed, other systems are active |
| What are some consequences of sleep loss? | Conflict, depression, increased appetite |
| How does sleep loss impact our physical health? | Suppresses immune cells, more likely to get sick, shorter life span |
| Insomnia | Persistent problems in either falling or staying asleep |
| Effects of Insomnia | Chronic tiredness, reliance on sleeping pills, alcohol, or other substances, increased anxiety around sleeping |
| Narcolepsy | Sudden attacks of overwhelming sleepiness, usually lasting less than 5 minutes, often triggered by strong emotions |
| Effects of Narcolepsy | May collapse directly into REM sleep resulting in loss of muscle tension, extreme caution must be used in activities such as driving |
| Sleep Apnea | Intermittently stop breathing during sleep for a few seconds at a time, decreased blood oxygen startles them awake hundreds of times a night |
| Effects of Sleep Apnea | Fatigue, depression, obesity, SIDS |
| Night Terrors | May sit up or walk around, talk incoherently, experience doubled heart and breathing rate, appear terrified, no recollection |
| Effects of Night Terrors | Doubling of heart and breathing rate |
| Somnambulism (Sleepwalking) | Occurs during REM sleep and is usually harmless, runs in families |
| Sleep Talking | Can occur in any sleep stage, runs in families |
| Freudian Dream Theory | Dreams are an expression of unconscious wishes |
| Manifest Content | What we remember we dreamed |
| Latent Content | Unconscious dries and wishes that would be threatening if expressed directly |
| Information-Processing Dream Theory | Dreams help to sort out the day's memories |
| Physiological Function Dream Theory | Dreams provide the unconscious brain with periodic stimulation |
| Activation Synthesis Dream Theory | Dreams are the brain's attempt to synthesize random neural activity |
| V. REM Rebound | Tendency for REM sleep to increase during REM sleep deprivation |
Created by:
nataliastornello
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