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PSYC 271 Unit 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| membrane potential | difference in electrical charge between inside and outside of a cell |
| microelectrode | extremely fine recording electricode used for intracellular recording |
| polarized | has a membrane potential that is not 0 |
| ion channels | pores in neural membrane through which specific ions pass |
| sodium potassium pumps | ion transporter that actively exchanges 3 Na+ ions inside for 2 K+ outside neuron |
| transporter | mechanisms in membrane of cell that actively transport ions or molecules across membrane |
| postsynaptic potentials | potentials that move the postsynaptic cell membrane potential away from resting |
| depolarization | decrease resting membrane potential |
| hyperpolarization | increase resting membrane potential |
| excitatory postsynaptic potenitals | depolarization that increases likelihood that an action potential will be generated |
| inhibitory postsynaptic potentials | hyperpolarization that decreases likelihood that an action potential will be generated |
| graded potentials | amplitude of PSPs are preportional to intensity of signal that elicits them |
| threshold of excitation | level of depolarization necessary to generate an action potential |
| spatial summation | integration of signals that originate at different sites on neuron's membrane |
| temporal summation | integration of neural signals that occur at different times at same synapse |
| voltage gated ion channels | ion channels that open and close in response to changes in the level of membrane potential |
| absolute refractory period | brief period after AP initiation where it is impossible to elicit another AP on same neuron |
| relative refractory period | period where a higher than normal amount of stimulation is necessary for initiation |
| antidromic conduction | axonal conduction opposite normal direction from axon terminal back to cell body |
| orthodromic conduction | axonal conduction in the normal direction from cell body toward terminal buttons |
| axodendritic synapse | synapse of an axon terminal button onto dendrite |
| axosomatic synapse | synapse of an axon terminal button on somas |
| tripartite synapse | a synpase involving two neurons and an astroglia |
| axomyelenic | axon synapses on myelin sheath of oligodendrocytes |
| directed synapses | synapses at which site of neurotransmitter release and site of neurotransmitter reception are close in proximity |
| nondirected synapses | site of neurotransmitter release and site of neurotransmitter are not close together |
| neuropeptides | short amino acid chains of 3-36 amino acids |
| categories of neurotransmitter | large and small |
| ionotropic receptors | receptors associated with ligand activated ion channels |
| metabotropic receptors | receptors associated with signal proteins and G proteins |
| autoreceptors | type of metabotropic receptor located on presynaptic membrane that binds to neurons own neurotransmitters monitor number of neurotransmitter molecules in synapse |
| receptors | drawing back into the terminal button of neurotransmitter molecules after their release into synapse |
| enzymatic degradation | breakdown of chemicals by enzyme |
| Gap junction | narrow spaces between adjacent neurons bridged by fine tubular channels containing cytoplasm allow transmission of electrical signals and small molecules |
| neurotransmitter classes | amino acids, monoamines, acetylcholine, unconventional neurotransmitters, neuropeptides |
| classes of neuropeptides | pituitary peptides, hypothalamic peptides, brain-gut peptidesm opioid peptides, miscellaneous pepitdes |
| piutitary peptides | first identified as hormones released by piutitary gland |
| hypothalamic peptides | first identified as hormones released by hypothalamus |
| brain-gut peptides | first discovered in gut |
| opioid peptides | similar structure to active ingredients of opium |
| miscellaneous peptide | catch all category for other 4 categories |
| agonist | facilitate effects of particular neurotransmitter |
| antagonist | inhibit effects of particular neurotransmitter |
| contrast x rays | technique involving injection of substance that absorbs x rays differently than surrounding tissues |
| cerebral angiography | techinque for visualizing cerebral circulatory system by infusing a radio opaque dye into cerebral artery |
| computed tomography (CT) | computer assisted procedure used visualize the brain and other internal structures of the living body |
| positron emission tomography (PET) | technique for visualizing brain activity usually by measuring the accumulation of radioactive fluorodeoxyglucose in active brain areas |
| magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | structural brain imaging orcedure in which high resolution images are constructured from the measurement of waves the Hydrogen atoms emit when activated by radio frequency waves in magnetic field |
| diffusion tensor MRI | used for identifying major tracts as water molecules diffuse rapidly along them |
| functional MRI | infers brain activity by measuring increased oxygenated blood flow to brain structures |
| BOLD signal | blood oxygen level dependent signal |
| functional ultrasound imaging (fUS) | uses ultrasound to measure changes in blood volume in brain regions |
| transcranial magnetic stimulation | technique used to stimulate or turn off area of cortex by creating magnetic field under coil next to skull |
| transcranial electrical stimulation | technique used to stimulate area of cortex by applying electrical current through 2 electrodes on scalp |
| transcranial ultrasound stimulation | can be used to activate particular brain structure including subcortical structures |
| magnetoencephalography (MEG) | measures changes in magnetic field on the surface of the scalp that are produced by changes in underlying patterns of neural activity |
| electromyography | measures muscle tension by taping 2 electrodes to skin over muscle of interest |
| electroocutography | records eye movements through electrodes placed around eye |
| electrocardiogram | recording of electrical signals associated with heartbeats |
| plethysmography | techniques for measuring changes in volume of blood in a particular body part |
| stereotoxic atlas | series of maps representing 3 dimensional brain structure, determines coordinates for surgery |
| stereotoxic instruc=ment | device for performing stereotoxic surgery, 2 parts head holder and electrode holder |
| reversible lesions | methods for temporarily eliminating the activity in a particular area of the brain while tests are being conducted |
| cerebral dialysis | records brain chemistry changes, fine tub with semipermeable section is implanted and extracellular neurochemicals are continuously drawn off for analysis |
| immunocytochemistry | procedure for locating particular protein in brain by labeling antibodies with dye or radioactive element and then exposing slices of brain tissue to said antibodies |
| in situ hybridization | technqiue for locating particular proteins in the brain, molecules that bind to the mRNA that directs synthesis of target protein are synthesized and labelled and brain slices exposed to it |
| gene knockout technique | create organisms that lack particular gene under investigation |
| gene knockin technique | create organisms that have additional genes |
| gene editing technique | allow researchers to edit genes at particular times during development |
| opsions | light sensitive ion channels found in cell membranes of some bacteria and algae when illuminated they open |
| optogenetics | genetic engineerinh inserts opsin gene into particular neuron, light can then be used to hyperpolarize or depolarize neurons |
| token test | preliminary test for language related deficits that involves following verbal instructions to touch or move tokens of different shapes, sizes and colours |
| sodium amytal test | anthesitization of first one cerebral hemisphere and then other to determine which hemisphere plays dominant role in language |
| dichotic listening test | 2 sequences of 3 spoken digits are presented simultaneously one in each ear and subject is asked to report all digits heard |
| anterograde | retention of things learned after damage |
| retrograde | retention of things learned before damage |
| semantic | knowledge of the word |
| episodic | personal experiences |
| explicit | aware of and can express verbally |
| implicit | demonstrated by improved performace without patient being concious |
| repetition priming test | first show a list of words then fragment form presented for subject to complete |
| phonology | rules governing sounds of language |
| syntax | grammar of language |
| semantics | meaning of the language |
| constituent cognitive processes | each complex cognitive function is a result of the combined activity of simple cognitive processes |
| paired image subtraction technique | use of PET/fMRI to locate constituent cognitive processes in the brain by producing an image of the difference in brain activity associated with two cognitive tasks that differ in terms of a single constitutive process |
| default mode network | network of brain structures that tend to be active with brain in default mode |
| default mode | pattern of brain activity that is present when humans sit quietly and let their minds wander |
| mean difference image | average of the difference in image obtained from multiple participants, eliminates noise |
| species common behaviour | behaviours displayed in some manner by virtually all members of a species |
| open field test | animal is placed in large barren chamber and its activity is recorded |
| colony intruder paradigm | used to study aggressive and defensive behaviour in male animals, small male intruder is placed in established colony in order to study response of colony's alpha male and intruder |
| elevated plus maze | records defensivness or anxiety in animals by assessing tendency to avoid 2 open arms of a plus shaped maze mounted some distance above floor |
| lordosis quotient | proportion of mounts that elicit lordosis |
| pavlovian conditioning paradigm | experimenters pair initially neutral stimulus with stimulus that elicits reflexive repsonse after several pairings neutral elicits conditioned |
| operant conditioning paradigm | role of particular voluntary response is increased by reinforcement or decreased by punishment |
| self stimulation paradigm | animal presses lever to administer reinforcing electrical stimulation to particular sites in own brain |
| conditioned taste aversion | avoidance response develops to taste of food whose consumption has been followed by illness |
| radial arm maze | maze with several arms radiating out from a central starting chamber |
| morris water maze | pool of milky water has a goal platform invisible beneath its surface, used to study ability to learn spatial locations |
| conditioned defensive burying | burial of source of aversion stimulation |
| sensitivity | ability to detect presence of dimly lit objects |
| acuity | ability to see detail of objects |
| ciliary muscles | eye muscles that control the shape of the lenses |
| acommodation | process of adjusting the configuration of lense to bring images into focus on the retina |
| binocular disparity | difference in positional same image on 2 retina |
| lateral communication | communication across major input channels |
| fovea | central indentation of the retina, specialized for high acuity vision |
| completion | visual systems automatic usual infor obtained from receptors around blind spot to create perception of missing image |
| surface interpolation | process by which we percieve surfaces information is extracted about edges and it infers appearance of large surface |
| cones | visual receptor that mediate high acuity colour vision in good light |
| rods | visual receptor that mediated chromatic, low acuity vision in low light |
| duplexity theory | theory that cones and rods mediate photopic and scotopic vision respectively |
| photopic vision | predominates in good lighting, provides finely detailed coloured perceptions of the world |
| scotopic vision | more senstive predominates in dim light lacks detail and colour of phototopic |
| nasal hemiretina | half of retina next to nose |
| temporal hemiretina | half of retina next to temples |
| spectral sensitivity curve | graph of relative brightness of lights of intensity presented at different wavelengths |
| purkinje effect | in intense light red/yellow wavelengths look brighten than green/blue wavelengths, vice verse in dim light |
| transduction | conversion of one form of energy to another |
| rhodopsin | photopigment of rods, basis of rod mediated vision |
| retina-geniculate-striate system | major visual pathway from each retina to primary visual cortex via lateral geniculate nuclei of thalamus |
| retinoptic | organized according to map of retina |
| parvo cellular layers | layers composed of neurons with small cell bodies, top 4 layers |
| magnocellular layers | layers composed of neurons with large cell bodies, bottom 2 layers |
| contrast enhacement | intensification of perception of edges |
| recipient field | area of visual field within whichit is possible to influence firing of visual neuron |
| on center cells | visual neurons that respond to light shone in center of fields with on and periphery with off |
| off center cells | visual neurons that respond to light shone in center of field with off and periphery with on |
| simple striate cells | neurons in visual cortex that respond maximally to straight edge stimuli of a particular width and orientation |
| complex striate cells | neurons in visual cortex that respond optimally to straight edged stimuli in certain orientation in any part of receptive field |
| component theory | theory that the relative constant of activity produced in 3 different classes of cones by lighting determines colour |
| opponent processing theory | visual receptor/neuron signals one colour when it responds in 1 way and signals complementary colour when firing the other way |
| colour constancy | tendency of an object to appear the same colour even when the wavelength of light that it reflects changes |
| retinex theory | colour of object is determined by its reflection which the visual system calculates by comparing the ability of adjacent surafces to reflect short, medium and long wavelengths |
| reflectance | proportion of light different wavelengths that a surface reflects |
| prestriate cortex | band of tissue in occipital lobe and surrounding primary visual cortex |
| inferotemporal cortex | cortex of inferior temporal lobe |
| scotoma | area of blindness a result of damage or disturbance to visual system |
| conscious awareness | awareness of one's perceptions, typically inferred from ability to verbalize them |
| blindsight | ability to respond to visual stimuli in a scotoma without being consciously aware of stimuli |
| dorsal stream | flows from primary visual cortex to dorsal prestraites cortex to posterior parietal cortex |
| ventral stream | flows from primary visual cortex to ventral prestriate cortex to inferotemporal cortex |
| prosopagnosia | visual agnosia for faces |
| agnosia | failure of recognition of sensory stimuli that is not attributable to another impairment |
| fusiform face area | found on ventral surface between occipital and temporal lobe |
| occipital face area | found on ventral surface of occipital lobe |
| akinetopsia | deficieny in ability to see movement and progress in smooth fashion often a result of damage to middle temporal area |
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gfquinn0
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