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Chapter 3: atoms

This is a review over chapter three in the Physical Science 6th edition textbook

Question/TermAnswer/definition
Subatomic particles Particles that are smaller than atoms, which themselves were once thought to be the smallest possible bits of matter.
Who were the first to discover atoms The Ancient Greeks first found atoms, and believed they were invisible. They were first called "atomos," greek word for invisible, but later called atoms.
John Dalton Said elements are made of atoms. Said atoms are indivisible and cannot be destroyed said the atoms of an element are all alike. said the atoms of one element are different from the atoms of all other elements, especially their masses. said the atoms combine chemically in small, whole number ratios.
Law of electrostatic charges Opposite electrical charges attract each other, while same charges repel each other.
JJ Thomson Used Crookes tubes Discovered electrons and figured out these particles had a mass, and were not in fact invisible Developed the plum pudding model
Explain the plum pudding model This model suggested that negatively charged electrons were embedded in a positive substance.
Hantaro Nagaoka Developed the Saturnian model Thought that the plumb pudding model was faulted in the notion that the opposite electrical charges could mix in the manner the model suggested.
Explain the Saturnian model This atomic model had a massive and positively charged center surrounded by a flat ring of electrons
Ernest Rutherford Believed that a heavy fast-moving particle called an alpha particle directed at an atom should be able to easily pass through it with little or no deflection. Was surprised to find few of the alpha particles deflected away from the gold foil at very sharp angles in his experiment. Discovered the nucleus Developed the nuclear model
Explain the nuclear model Contained a tiny, but massive, positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons.
Define quantum mechanics A branch of physics that explored the behavior of matter and energy at the atomic and subatomic levels.
Niels Bohr Used the emission spectrum to go against Rutherford's nuclear model Stated electrons can only move in distinct energy levels. Developed the Bohr model
Explain the bohr model Placed electrons in orbits at specific distances from the nucleus
Explain the quantum-mechanics model The oddly shaped, overlapping orbitals of this model indicate areas where electrons in different energy levels are likely to be found.
Following Ernest Rutherford's discovery of the atomic nucleus, what aspect of an atom's structure were scientists primarily trying to disern? How electrons move within atoms
Atoms are made of three basic particles: electrons protons neutrons
Define electron the smallest of the main subatomic particles, having a mass of 9.1094 x 10^-31kg
Define proton a subatomic particle located in the atoms nucleus and has a mass of 1.6726 x 10^-27kg
Define neutron a subatomic particle found in the nucleus, but carries no atomic charge
Define atomic number The unique number of protons in the atoms of each element
neutral atom an atom with balanced electric charges
Atomic mass The weighted average of the masses of all the naturally occurring isotopes of that element
isotopes The atoms of the same element with differing numbers of neutrons
isotope name The unique identifier consisting of each isotope of carbon's name, followed by a number.
mass number The total number of particles in it's nucleus
isotope notation a X z
ions charged atoms with unequal number of protons and electrons
anions ions that have more electrons than protons have an excess of negative charge
cations ions that have more protons than electrons have an excess of positive charge
radiocarbon dating a method of dating geological or archeological specimens by determining the relative proportions of particular radioactive isotopes present in a sample.
Created by: hihello2007
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