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PSYC 1630 Exam 2
Chapters 4-6
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Subconsciousness | The lack of awareness |
| Procedural Memory | A process that is overlearned that we do not need to think about while we do it |
| Unconsciously Aware | The state of being conscious, but not aware that you are conscious |
| Subliminal Messaging | The belief that a regular image that flashes quickly can be subconsciously picked up and remembered without us being consciously aware of it |
| Priming | The process of subconsciously allowing recent previous experiences to affect/influence our responses now |
| Polysomnograph | An EEG that also measures eye movements |
| Hypnogogic Hallucinations | Dreamlike hallucinations where we struggle to understand what is real that occur when we are falling asleep |
| Hypnopompic Hallucinations | Hallucinations that are primarily visual that occur when someone is in the process of waking up |
| Stage 1 | The stage of sleep when hypnogogic hallucinations occur |
| Stage 2 | The stage of sleep when an individual is actually asleep, but if woken up then will not believe they were |
| Stages 3 and 4 | Slow Wave Sleep stages, where external sensory information is no longer incorporated and heart rate, breathing, brain activity (etc) decreases |
| REM sleep | Sleep stage that occurs ~90 minutes after falling asleep where brain activity, breathing and heart rate all increase and sleep paralysis normally occurs. |
| Circadian/evolutionary Theory of Sleep | The theory that sleep keeps us out of harms way when we're being unproductive |
| Restoration Theory | The theory that we have to sleep because it allows our brain the time to prepare itself from all the exertions in the day |
| Information Processing Theory | The theory that we need sleep in order to be able to process memories |
| Dyssomnia disorders | Sleep disorders |
| Insomnia | A sleep disorder involving hyperarousal when one wants to sleep and a lack of sleepiness, but fatigue instead |
| Cognitive Behavioral Therapy | CBT |
| Sleep Apnea | The inability to breathe while sleeping |
| Obstructive Sleep Apnea | A form of Sleep Apnea that is generally more common in individuals who are obese |
| Central Sleep Apnea | A very rare form of sleep apnea |
| C-Pap Machine | A method of treating Sleep Apnea where individuals put something on their face at night to aid them in sleeping |
| Narcolepsy | Unexpected periods of sleep that occur during wakefulness |
| Cataplexy | Sudden muscle paralysis/loss of muscle tone (narcolepsy) while awake |
| Emotion | A common trigger for individuals with narcolepsy is... |
| Parasomnias | Unwanted behaviors during sleep |
| REM Behavior Disorder | A sleep disorder where muscle atonia does not occur during REM sleep and individuals experiencing it act out their dreams |
| Clonazepam | Seizure medication with a 90% effective rate for treating REM Behavior Disorder |
| Night Terror | When an individual wakes up in a blind panic with no idea why |
| Psychological Dependence | A dependence that is characterized by a loss of wellbeing when you stop |
| Physical Dependence | A dependence that is characterized by withdrawal when you stop |
| Depressants/AKA Sedatives | Drugs that slow the activity of the CNS, decrease stress, aid in sleep, include tranquilizers and alcohol |
| Stimulants | Drugs that increase or enhance activity in the CNS, includes Caffeine, nicotine, cocaine and more (and ADHD meds!) |
| Hallucinogens | Drugs that cause dramatic changes in mood or perceptions that may produce hallucinations, distort time, reality etc. |
| Opiates | Drugs that are used to treat pain, and are highly addictive because they cause a pleasant euphoric effect, include ecstasy and oxycodone |
| Ecstasy | Drug used to treat PTSD in some countries |
| Meditation | An altered state of consciousness that is just a decrease in sympathetic arousal |
| LSD, Marijuana, and PCP | What are the schedule 1 drugs in the US? |
| Heroin | When the production of oxycodone stopped, those who were originally addicted to it became attached to... |
| Respiratory Depression | One of the major side-effects of Opiate drugs is... |
| Narcan | A drug/medication that will cause those who have overdosed to immediately snap to |
| Startle Reflex | One of the first things that are checked on babies |
| Learning | A permanent change in behavior that results from practice and experience |
| Habituation | A decline in responding to a familiar stimulus |
| Sensitization | An increased responding to a stimulus because it is "new" (or unexpected) |
| Classical Conditioning | A form of associative learning that is purely reflexive (for example, Pavlov's dogs) |
| Extinction | When the subject that you are conditioning no longer receives the incentive after their behavior, their behavior will eventually stop |
| Spontaneous Recovery | After extinction may occur in a subject of conditioning's behavior, and the condition/stimulus may stop altogether for a time, the subject may react in their conditioned response again initially |
| Generalization Response | When the subject that experienced something with a specific individual forms an opinion about an entire group that the individual is a part of (Eg., girl bit by a beagle is now afraid of all dogs) |
| Discrimination Response | When the subject that experienced something with a specific individual forms an opinion only about that individual (eg., girl bit by a beagle is now only afraid of beagles) |
| Learned Taste Aversion | A type of classical condition where one has a negative enough perceived reaction (or seeming reaction) to a type of food that they now will not consume said food after only one experience. (eg., rats with nausea and sugar-water example) |
| "Bright Noisy Water experiment" | It's almost impossible for animals to pair loud or bright stimuli with external stimuli |
| Biofeedback | The belief that we can almost voluntarily alter immune responses |
| Operant Conditioning | The process of conditioning someone or something into a motor response |
| The Law of Effect | The responses that are rewarded are more likely to recur |
| Yes! A behavior can lead to the removal of something bad. | Can responses increase in negative reinforcement? |
| Continuous Reinforcement Schedule | A schedule in which every single correct response is rewarded |
| Partial Reinforcement Schedule | A schedule in which reinforcement occurs some of the time when a behavior occurs |
| Fixed ratio schedule | A partial reinforcement schedule where exactly every kth action is rewarded/reinforced |
| Variable ratio schedule | A partial reinforcement schedule where every kth action on average is rewarded/reinforced |
| Fixed interval | A partial reinforcement schedule where a reward is given after a fixed period of time |
| Variable interval schedule | A partial reinforcement schedule where a reward is given after a certain time on average |
| Atonia | Muscle Paralysis while sleeping |
| Cognitive Learning | When new skills are acquired through cognitive processes, not through awards/punishments |
| Latent Learning | Learning that occurs when there is no obvious reinforcement |
| Observational Learning | When learning occurs by watching another individual - very common in children |
| Encoding | The first stage in memory formation - paying attention/actually noticing the event when it occurs |
| Storage | The second stage in memory formation - the memories are kept in the hippocampus |
| Retrieval | The stage in memory formation when a memory is brought back up and actually remembered |
| Maintenance Rehearsal | A memorization technique of repeating what you want to remember over and over and "practicing" it |
| Depth of Processing Model | A memory technique where you associate new stimuli with something already know to remember it |
| Iconic Sensory Memory | Sight-based sensory memory, without it life is seen as a series of disconnected pictures |
| Echoic Sensory Memory | Hearing-based sensory memory, without it a person is incapable of speaking (forget their most recent syllable) |
| Short term memories | Memories that last for about half a minute, have a limited capacity for about 5-9 items, memory technique is "chunking" |
| Working memories | Memories that last longer than short term memories but aren't necessarily important enough to stay forever |
| Long term memories | Memories that are ingrained and stored in the brain for a long time |
| Explicit/declarative memories | Memories that we realize that we have, and know are memories |
| Semantic Memory | Explicit memories that are of facts or ideas (memorized information) |
| Episodic Memory | Explicit memories that are based off of personal experiences, autobiographical memories |
| Flashbulb Memory | Memories for highly significant public event that are often unreliable because of how often they're talked about |
| Implicit Memories | Long term memories that occur when we learn/acquire/memorize things unknowingly, but it makes tasks easier |
| The inground | The physical representation of learning in the brain |
| Primacy Effect | The idea that we tend to remember the things that we hear first |
| Recency Effect | The idea that we tend to remember the things we've heard most recently |
| Context dependent learning | A memory process where it's easier to retrieve a memory when one is in the same setting as when they learned something |
| State dependent learning | When a memory is retrieved because one's internal cues are similar to the way they were when they learned something |
| Misattribution of Memories | When memories are altered because of the passage of time and the topic being frequently discussed |
| Encoding failure | When a memory is being stored, but the insufficient information surrounding the memory makes it difficult to retrieve |
| Proactive Interference | When the things we've learned in the past interfere with new memories |
| Retroactive Interference | When new information that has been learned impedes recalling old memories |
| Decay Theory | The theory that as time passes, memories fade - is debunked because Alzheimer's patients have better long term memory |
| Repression | The process of excessive cortisol due to trauma decreasing/negatively impacting memory |
| Amnesia | "The ultimate case of forgetting" |
| Retrograde amnesia | A loss of memory for things that have already happened - you can't remember something that happened in the past |
| Intergrade amnesia | The failure to form new memories |
| Infantile amnesia | People's inability to remember the first few years of their lives - scientists still do not understand why that happens |
Created by:
gh0267
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