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Aging Psych Exam 1
Terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| cohort | a group of people born at the same time or within a specific time span |
| normative history-graded or cohort effects | events that most people in a specific culture experience at the same time |
| nonnormative influences | random/rare events that may be important for a specific individual but do are not experienced by most people |
| normative age-graded influences | biological, psychological, and sociocultural forces that occur to most people of a certain age |
| life cycle forces | differences in how same event or combination of biological, psychological, and sociocultural forces affects people at different points in their lives. Life-cycle forces provide context for developmental differences of interest in adult development/aging |
| biological forces | all genetic and health-related factors that affect development |
| psychological forces | all internal, perceptual, cognitive, emotional, and personality factors that affect development |
| multidirectionality | development includes growth AND decline; vocabulary can increase while reaction time slows down |
| plasticity | capacity not predetermined or set in stone. Skills can be trained/improved with practice, even in later years (within limitations) |
| correlational study | examine relations between variables as they exist naturally in the world (measure 2 variables and see how they are related) |
| experiment | manipulating a key factor that the researcher believes is responsible for a particular behavior |
| independent variable | variable being manipulated |
| dependent variable | behavior/variable being observed |
| confound | influences both dependent and independent variable; any situation in which one cannot determine which of two or more effects is responsible for the behaviors being observed. |
| reliability | how consistently a method measures something |
| validity | accuracy of a measure, how accurate it represents people outside the study |
| longitudinal design | same individuals are observed/tested repeatedly at different points in their lives |
| cross-sectional design | developmental differences are identified by testing people of different ages at the same time |
| sequential design | different combinations of cross-sectional or longitudinal studies (costly) |
| selective attrition | tendency of some people to drop out of a study more than others |
| internal validity | truth in the study |
| external validity | truth in real life |
| biological age | measurement of the functioning of vital organ systems |
| dependency ratio | number of dependents aged zero to 14 and over the age of 65, compared with the total population aged 15 to 64. This demographic indicator gives insight into the number of people of non-working age, compared with the number of those of working age. |
| neuron | brain cells that are information messengers |
| cell body | the spherical part of a neuron that houses the cell's nucleus and all the other organelles essential for cell survival (called the soma too) |
| axon | portion of a nerve cell (neuron) that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body |
| neural plasticity | changes in structure/function of brain as the result of interaction between the brain and the environment. In other words, plasticity is the result of people and their brains living in the world and accumulating and learning from experiences over time |
| dendrite | structures on the neuron that function by receiving electrical messages. The functions of dendrites are to transfer the received information to the soma of the neuron |
| neurotransmitter | chemical messengers |
| terminal button | at the end of axons, release neurotransmitters |
| synapse | space between neurons |
| serotonin | neurotransmitter associated with memory, sleep, mood, appetite (abnormal processing of this is related to cognitive decline) |
| dopamine | neurotransmitter associated with attention, planning, emotion, movement, pleasure, pain |
| acetylcholine | neurotransmitter associated with arousal, sensory perception, and attention (associated with serious memory decline) |
| executive function | mental processes that enable us to plan, focus attention, remember instructions, and juggle multiple tasks successfully |
| neurofibrillary tangle | biomarker of Alzheimers. |
| beta-amyloid (”neuritic”) plaque | Amyloid plaques are hard, insoluble accumulations of beta amyloid proteins that clump together between the nerve cells (neurons) in the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients |
| senescence | biological aging, deterioration of cells/living things |
| osteoporosis | severe loss of bone mass, creates bones that resemble laced honeycombs |
| Presbycusis | reduced sensitivity to high pitched tones |
| light adaptation | ability to adjust to change in light, going from inside (darker) to outside (lighter) |
| glaucoma | fluid in the eye not draining properly, causes high pressure, loss of vision and internal damage |
| Cataracts | opaque spots develop on the lens, limit amount of light transmitted |
| macular degeneration | loss in center field of vision, blurry vision, retina deteriorates |
| osteoarthritis | wear and tear disease, overuse of the joints. Bones underneath cartilage are damaged, minor signs of inflammation but there is a gradual onset of pain and disability |
| rheumatoid arthritis | more inflammation, destructive disease of the joints (joints appear swollen) |
| free radicals | substances that damage cells, cause illness and aging. Atom with at least one unpaired valence electron. |
| neurofibrillary tangles | abnormal accumulations of a protein called tau that collect inside neurons |
| menopause | the point at which menstruation stops |
| perimenopause | transition from regular menstruation to menopause |
| congestive heart failure | most common cause of hospitalization for people over the age of 65. Cardiac output and ability of heart to contract severely declines, enlarging the heart and pressuring the veins, making the body swell |
| myocardial infarction | heart attack. Blood supply to the heart is cut off or reduced |
| amyloid plaques | spheric structures consisting of beta-amyloid, surrounded by dying or dead neurons (found in the brain) |
| cerebrovascular accident | stroke. Happens when blood flow to a portion of the brain is completely cut off |
| atherosclerosis | buildup of fat deposits on and the calcification of the arterial walls |
| menopausal hormone therapy | low dose of estrogen/progestin to lessen symptoms/issues with menopause |
| cross-linking | certain proteins in human cells interact randomly and produce molecules that are linked in such a way as to make the body stiffer |
| telomere | tips of chromosomes, major role in aging. adjust cell’s response to stress/growth stimulation based on cell divisions, DNA damage. shorten with each cell replication. Healthy, normal telomeres help regulate the cell division and reproduction process. |
| telomerase | enzyme needed in DNA replication to fully reproduce telomeres when cells divide |
| sleep hygiene | environment/habits can be optimized to improve sleep |
| diabetic retinopathy | fluid retention in the macula, retina detachment, hemorrhage/aneurysm, most common cause of blindness in working-age people |
| time of measurement effect | differences stemming from sociocultural, environmental, historical or other events at the time of data collection |
| presbyopia | difficulty seeing close objects clearly |
Created by:
kc311
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