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Personality Theories
Study
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Jack Block’s Theory of Personality? | Stable internal factors making behavior constant |
| What is a theory? | A set of concepts and propositions to understand the world |
| What are the 4 questions a personality theory should answer? | 1- How to describe personality? 2- What is the relation of personality to behavior? 3- How does personality come about? 4- How can personality be changed? |
| What was Francis Bacon's idea of relating evidence to theory? | Bacon talked about science in general and wanted people to start with observations first and then generalize them |
| What was B.F. Skinner's idea of relating evidence to theory? | Skinner was a behaviorist and so he believed that you should only measure observable behaviors. In this way, he applied Bacon's theory to psychology in specific. |
| What was a critique of Skinner and Bacon's views? | That pure observation is a myth and so it is impossible to just start observing with no theory behind it. |
| What is the myth of pure observation? | The myth of pure observation is that it is impossible for pure observation to exist. There is no way to observe with no theory behind it. |
| What are the three elements of the Paulhus's Dark Triad? | Narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism |
| What is narcissism? (Dark Triad) | Excessive self-love, self-glorifying, a sense of entitlement, and grandiose actions |
| What is psychopathy? (Dark Triad) | Low empathy, low shame, harms and uses others with no guilt |
| What is Machiavellianism? (Dark Triad) | Amoral, manipulative, pride in using people |
| What is a mini-theory? | A theory that does not seek to provide a full picture of personality, but rather focuses on one trait. |
| What was the Milgram Study? | Stanley Milgram conducted a study on obedience by having a supervisor, a teacher (volunteer), and a learner. The teacher had to provide word pairs and if the learner got it wrong, the teacher had to deliver an electric shock. |
| What is the difference between social psychology and personality psychology? | Personality psychology focuses on the effect of a social situation on a person's thoughts and actions, while personality psychology seeks to see what is stable. |
| Describe Mehrabian and Epstein's follow-up of the Milgram study. | They used the results of the Milgram study to study the effect of empathic tendency on aggression in this case. Their original theory was that empathic tendency inhibited aggression, but they added on that it only occurs when they can see the victim. |
| Describe Mehrabian and Epstein's interaction effect. | The interaction effect is the effect of a third variable on the other two being measured. They came to the conclusion that high empathic tendency inhibits aggression ONLY IF they could see the learner being shocked. |
| What does the correlation coefficient 'r' measure? | Correlation, linear relationships |
| What does the correlation coefficient 'r' not measure? | Causation, non-linear relationships |
| What does a positive 1 correlation look like and mean? | / this means that as one variable increases, so does the other |
| What does a negative 1 correlation look like and mean? | \ this means that as one variable increases, the other decreases |
| What does a correlation coefficient of 0 mean? | There is no correlation or relation between these two variables |
| What is core affect? | It is a basis of how you react and feel in certain situations, can change from moment to moment, not fixed |
| How do you measure core affect? | It is measured on a scale of pleasant-unpleasant and activated-deactivated |
| Define reliability. | It is consistency of measurement |
| Define validity. | It is when a measure measures what it claims to measure |
| What are the different types of validity? | test-retest, inter-rater, internal |
| What is Cronbach and Meehl's idea of construct validity? | It must answer all 4 questions of personality theories, measure what it claims to measure, be predictive of what it says it is, be concurrent with another test of the same thing, and be free of bias. |
| What is Bridgeman's operational definition of validity? | He said that just by existing and measuring what it measures a test is valid. This was widely dispelled. |
| What was Hippocrates' theory of temperament? | He had a theory of humor or bodily fluids. The four types were sanguine, choleric, melancholic, and phlegmatic. He thought each person had an excess of some bodily fluid to form temperament |
| What was Aristotle's theory of temperament? | He thought that the 4 different elements, earth, air, fire, and water, made up Hippocrates' four types of temperament |
| What was Kretschmer's theory of temperament? | He said that your body type corresponded to your temperament 1. |
| What was Sheldon's theory of temperament? | He said that your body type corresponded to your temperament, the types were endomorph, ectomorph, and mesomorph. |
| How are old theories of temperament still valid today? | We all still have ideas of like fat people are happier and skinny people being harsher, the theories have become prejudices |
| What was Hans Eysenck's theory of personality? | He thought that each person had a certain amount of Extraversion/introversion, Neuroticism/stability, and Psychoticism, although psychoticism was less emphasized. |
| What was Mehrabian's theory of affiliative tendency? | Mehrabian had a scale on two dimensions, expecting pain and expecting pleasure when it comes to a social action. From these axis he created 4 types, ambivalent (conformist), negative, neutral(non-conformist), and positive affiliators. |
| What were Wiggins' six domains of personality? | interpersonal, character, cultural, temperament, mental, and material. |
| How many personality terms did Wiggins find in the unabridged dictionary? | 17,953 |
| What was Wiggins' measure of interpersonal communication? | He used a scale from dominant to submissive and cold to warm |
| What 5 traits make up the Big 5? | Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism |
| Define Openness. | It is the breadth, depth, and complexity of mental and experiential life |
| Define conscientiousness. | It is task and goal directed behavior, socially required, impulse control |
| Define agreeableness. | It is an interpersonal trait, how friendly and open to suggestion you are in conversation and action |
| Define extraversion. | It is how outgoing, or comfortable you are in a social situation |
| Define neuroticism. | It is emotional stability and negative factors of anxiety, depression, irritability, and nervous tension |
| What does a correlation matrix show? | It shows the correlation coefficients between multiple different factors. |
| Why do we do factor analysis? | To make large groups in to smaller, easier to handle things, to make it more manageable |
| What is Sanguine personality type? | An excess of blood, cheerful, optimistic |
| What is Melancholic personality type? | An excess of black bile, depressive |
| What is Choleric personality type? | An excess of yellow bile, angry, irritable |
| What is Phlegmatic personality type? | An excess of phlegm, sluggish, apathetic |
| What did Hans Eysenck think about Hippocrates' idea of temperaments? | He supported them and adopted them partly in to his theory, but made it only 3 aspects instead. |
| What is the relationship of theory and observation? | Neither can exist without the other, they act on each other. You have theories when you make observations and you revise your theories based on your observations. |
| What is personality structure? | Traits are related to each other in a systematic way, it's how traits relate to each other. |
| What does a theory do? | A theory aims to represent reality |
| What is exploratory factor analysis? | A form of factor analysis that starts by making observations and then draws conclusions from there to create structure. |
| What is confirmatory factor analysis? | A form of factor analysis that starts with a structure and then makes observations to confirm or deny and revise it. |
| What was Cattell's 16 factor personality theory? | He believed in surface and source traits. The thought your source traits were ability traits, temperament traits, and dynamic traits and made a 16 PF device. |
| What was Donnah Canavan's theory of a success-fearing personality type? | She believed that many/most woman had a success fearing trait that caused them to self sabotage unknowingly and not be as proud of their successes, to attribute them to other factors |
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wowitsella
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