Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Research Vocab
Research and Intelligence Vocabulary
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Hindsight Bias | after you learn something, you think you knew is all along the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it (the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon) |
| Theory | an idea about how to describe, explain, and predict behavior and mental processes |
| Hypothesis | a testable prediction, often implied by a theory |
| Operational Definition | a detailed description of how a variable will be measured |
| Replication | when a researcher repeats an experiment to see if they get the same results as last time |
| Descriptive Research | case studies, and often naturalistic observation, are two types of research in this category that doesn’t attempt to relate two variable, but instead just describes a phenomenon |
| Correlational Research | a type of research that attempts to find the relationship between two variables |
| Case Study | when one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles |
| Naturalistic Observation | observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation |
| Survey | a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them |
| Wording Effects | when the way a question is worded affects the answer that a subject gives in response |
| Random Sample/Selection | a sample that accurately represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion |
| Sampling Bias | when a sample is not representative of the population |
| Population | all the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study |
| Correlation | a measure of the extent to which two variables are related |
| Correlational coefficient or R | a number between -1 and +1 that measures the strength of a relationship between two variables |
| Scatter plot | a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation. |
| Illusory Correlation | when someone thinks there is a relationship between two variables, but there isn’t |
| Regression toward the Mean | a person who gets an unusually high or low score will probably get a score closer to normal next time |
| Positive Correlation | as one variable increases, the other increases (+.01 to +1) |
| Negative Correlation | as one variable increases, the other decreases (-1 to -.01) |
| Causation | this type of relationship can only be proven through an experiment; when one variable causes the other variable to change |
| Experimental Research | when an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (dependent variable). By random assignment of participants, the experimenter aims to control other relevant factors |
| Experimental condition | the group in an experiment that exposes participants to the treatment (aka one version of the independent variable) |
| Control Condition (Control Group) | condition of an experiment that contrasts with the experimental condition and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment |
| Random Assignment | assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance to minimize preexisting differences the groups |
| Double Blind Procedure | an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo |
| Placebo Effect | when someone thinks the placebo is real, they often experience real changes just based on their expectations |
| Independent Variable | the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable they’re changing on purpose between the control and experimental groups |
| Confounding/extraneous variables | a variable that the experimenter did not account for initially that affected the dependent variable |
| Dependent Variable | the outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the manipulated variable |
| Validity | the extent to which the data represents what it’s supposed to be measuring |
| Descriptive Statistics | a way to summarize a set of data, typically using mean, median, and mode, range, and standard deviation |
| Histogram | a bar graph depicting a frequency distribution |
| Measures of Central Tendency | mean, median, mode, and skew |
| Mode | a measure of central tendency; the most common number in the set |
| Mean | a measure of central tendency; the average of the set |
| Median | a measure of central tendency; the middle number in the set |
| Positive skew | a measure of central tendency; when high outliers drag right side of the graph out |
| Negative skew | a measure of central tendency; when low outliers drag the left side of the graph out |
| Measures of Variation | how spread apart the scores of the distribution are or how much the scores vary from each other |
| Range | the difference between the highest and lowest score in a distribution; a measure of variation |
| Standard Deviation | the square root of the variance; a measure of variation that represents the true differences in the data |
| Normal Distribution/ Normal Curve/ Bell Curve | a symmetrical curve where most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes |
| Inferential statistics | a way to apply the information from a sample to an entire population |
| Statistical Significance / P | when the difference between groups can be attributed the change in the variable (instead of just random chance) |
| Representative sample | when the selected group accurately reflects the population |
| False Consensus Effect | the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors |
| Experimenter Bias | the unconscious tendency for researchers to treat members of the experimental and control groups differently to increase the chance of confirming their hypothesis |
| Response Bias | when people answer test items in ways that do not align with their true attitudes, beliefs, thoughts, or behaviors |
| Social Desirability Bias | the tendency of survey respondents to answer questions in a manner that will be viewed favorably by others. |
| IRB | Institutional Review Board; evaluates risks and benefits of human participant research |
| IACUC Ethical Guidelines for animals | clear purpose, acquire legally, ensure comfort & health, humane treatment that minimizes suffering |
| APA Ethical Guidelines for people | Coercion, Informed Consent, Anonymity, Lack of Risk, Debriefing |
| Intelligence | mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations. |
| Charles Spearman | studied the g-factor or general intelligence factor |
| General Intelligence or “G” Factor | general intelligence factor; Spearman said it is the only real kind of intelligence |
| Factor analysis | a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie one's total score. |
| Howard Gardner’ Multiple Intelligences | logical-mathematic, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, linguistic, musical, interpersonal, naturalistic |
| Sternberg’s Triarchic theory of intelligence | academic problem-solving, practical, and creative |
| Grit | passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals (very common in highly successful people) |
| Emotional Intelligence | the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions. |
| Intelligence Test | a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others by using numerical scores |
| Aptitude Test | a test designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn |
| Achievement Test | a test designed to assess what a person has learned |
| Francis Galton | First to try to systematically measure human intelligence, Thought intelligence was inherited, proposed eugenics (Darwin's cousin) |
| Mental Age | a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance |
| Stanford-Binet test | the widely used American revision (by Terman at Stanford University) of Binet's original intelligence. |
| Intelligent Quotient (IQ) | defined originally as the ration of mental age to chronological age multiplied by 100; on modern typical intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100 |
| Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) | the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests |
| Standardization | defining meaning scored by comparison with the performance of a pretested standardization group. |
| Flynn Effect | IQ scores increased throughout the 1900’s due to increased access to literature and education and better nutrition |
| Reliability | the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of a test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting |
| Validity | the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to. |
| Content Validity | the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest. |
| Criterion | the behavior (such as future college grades) that a test (such as the SAT) is designed to predict; thus, the measure used in defining whether the test has predictive validity. |
| Predictive Validity | the success with which a test predicts the behavior its designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior. |
| Longitudinal study | a type of correlational research; researchers repeatedly examine the same individuals to detect any changes that might occur over a long period of time |
| Cross-sectional study | a type of correlational research; groups of people of one age are compared with a similar group of people of another age |
| Fluid intelligence | the ability to think and reason abstractly and solve problems |
| Crystallized Intelligence | knowledge or information that that someone has accumulated over time |
| Intellectual Disability | a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound |
| Down Syndrome | a condition of intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra chromosome in one's genetic makeup |
| Savant Syndrome | a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computations and drawing |
| Gifted | people (children in particular) who scored 130 or higher on an IQ test (two standard devations above the average mean) |
| Identical twins / monozygotic | siblings that came from one egg that was fertilized by one sperm; have same genetic code |
| Fraternal twins / dizygotic | siblings that came from two eggs that were fertilized by two different sperm |
| Evolutionary psychology | focusing on natural selection to explain why people are the way they are today |
| Heritability | the extent to which differences in the appearance of a trait across several people can be accounted for by differences in their genes |
| Epigenetics | the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change |
| Eugenics | a 19th century movement that proposed measuring human traits and using the results to encourage or discourage people from reproducing |
| Bias | a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence |
| Stereotype Threat | a self- confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype |
Created by:
lcurty100
Popular Miscellaneous sets