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ITP2
Neurons, Nervous System and Endocrine System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| nervous system | a network of cells that carries information to and from all parts of the body. |
| neuroscience | a branch of the life sciences that deals with the structure and functioning of the brain, and the neurons, nerves and nervous tissue that is from the nervous system |
| biological psychology | the branch of neuroscience that focuses on the biological bases of psychological process, behavior and learning. |
| behavioral neuroscience | other terms for biological psychology |
| biological psychology | a primary area associated with the biological perspective of psychology |
| neuron | specialized cell in the nervous system that receives and sends messages within the system |
| glial cells | same function with neurons |
| dendrite | part of the neuron that receives messages from other cells |
| dendrite | means "tree-like" or "branch" |
| soma | contains the nucleus |
| soma | means "body" |
| soma | keeps the entire cell alive and functioning |
| soma | also known as "cell body" and the most important part of the neuron |
| axon | fiber attached to the soma that carries messages out to other cells |
| axon terminal | responsible for communicating with other nerve cells |
| axon terminal | also called presynaptic terminals, synaptic knobs and terminal buttons |
| myelin sheath | insulates impulses |
| myelin sheath | wraps around the shaft of the axons, forming an insulating and protective sheath |
| myelin sheath | speed ups the neural message travelling down the axon |
| neural impulse | electricity in neurons |
| neurons | have an electrical charge at rest, the resting potential |
| synapse | gap that separates neurons |
| balance | it is made possible by __________ between ions inside and outside of the cell |
| cell membrane | semi-permeable, inside is negatively charged as compared to outside |
| action potential | the charge in the electrical charge cause this |
| positive | when a cell fires, it's inside becomes _____relative to the outside |
| all or none | when a neuron does fire, it fires an _______ fashion |
| cell firing | dependent on sum of excitatory and inhibitory messages received by the cells. |
| neurotransmitters | chemicals that are inside a neuron and transmit messages |
| neurons | are affected by neurotransmitters |
| neurotransmitters | messengers of the network |
| Acetylcholine(ACh) | excitatory and inhibitory and the first neurotransmitter to be discovered |
| Acetylcholine(ACh) | involves arousal, attention, memory and controls muscle contractions. |
| Norepinephrine(NE) | involved in arousal and mood |
| Norepinephrine(NE) | mainly excitatory |
| Dopamine(DA) | both excitatory and inhibitory; involved in control of movement and sensation of pleasures |
| Dopamine(DA) | responsible of feelings of happiness |
| Dopamine(DA) | low _____ can result to Parkinson's disease |
| Serotonin(5-HT) | both excitatory and inhibitory; involved in sleep, mood, anxiety and appetite |
| Serotonin(5-HT) | happy hormone |
| Gaba aminobutyric acid (GABA) | major inhibitory transmitter; involved in sleep and inhibits movement |
| Gaba aminobutyric acid (GABA) | this neurotransmitter is influenced by alcohol and inhibits the functioning of our brain and relaxes it. |
| Glutamate | major excitatory neurotransmitter |
| Glutamate | involved in learning, memory formation, nervous system development, and synaptic plasticity |
| synaptic plasticity | ability of brain to adapt, change and develop |
| endorphins | inhibitory neural regulators |
| endorphins | pain relief |
| endorphins | also called as "endogenous morphine" |
| central ns, peripheral ns | two major divisions of nervous system |
| central ns | contains the brain and spinal cord |
| spinal cord | the transmitter and is connected to the nerve ending in our body |
| spinal cord | delivers information from nerve endings to our brain (vice versa) |
| spinal cord | pathway that connect the brain and the PNS |
| brain | interprets and store information |
| brain | sends order to muscles, glands, and organs |
| Peripheral Nervous System | transmits information to and from the Central Nervous System |
| autonomic ns, somatic ns | 2 divisions of peripheral nervous system |
| somatic nervous system | carries sensory information and controls movement of the skeletal muscles |
| sensory system (afferent), motor system (efferent) | 2 divisions of somatic nervous system |
| afferent | carries messages from senses to central nervous system |
| afferent | accepts information |
| tactile, auditory, visual, olfactory, gustatory | 5 senses |
| efferent | carries messages from CNS to muscles and glands |
| efferent | responsible for reactions |
| Autonomic nervous system | regulates glands, internal organs and blood vessels |
| autonomic nervous system | is in charge of involuntary reactions like pupil dilation, digestion and blood pressure |
| parasympathetic division, sympathetic division | 2 divisions of autonomic nervous system |
| parasympathetic division | maintains body functions under ordinary conditions and saves energy |
| sympathetic division | prepares the body to react and expend energy in times of stress |
| endocrine system | secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream |
| endocrine system | affects behavior and emotions by influencing the activity of brain by controlling the muscles and organs such as the heart, pancreas and sex organs |
| glands | are organs in the body that secrete chemicals |
| behavior | some affect functioning of the body but not __, others have widespread influence on the body and ___ . |
| pineal gland | located in brain, above the brain stem |
| pineal gland | secretes melatonin--responsible for sleep wake cycle in humans |
| pituitary gland | located in brain, below the hypothalamus |
| pituitary gland | considered as master gland as it influences all of the endocrine glands |
| pituitary gland | control functions associated with pregnancy |
| pituitary gland | contains oxytocin and water levels |
| pituitary gland | regulates growth hormones |
| thyroid gland | located inside the neck |
| thyroid gland | secretes hormones that regulate growth and metabolism (thyroxin) |
| thyroid gland | plays a crucial role in body and brain development |
| pancreas | control the level of blood sugar in the body by secreting insulin and glucagon |
| hypoglycemia | too much insulin |
| diabetes | to little insulin |
| gonads | sex glands |
| testes | androgen and testosterone |
| ovaries | estrogen |
| gonads | secrete hormones and regulate sexual behaviors and reproduction |
| adrenal glands | produces over 30 different hormones (corticoids) |
| adrenal glands | regulate salt intake, help initiate and control stress reactions |
| cortisol | released when the body experiences both physical and psychological stress |
| glands | pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads |
Created by:
therexe
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